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THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 
NEW YORK : BOSTON - CHICAGO + DALLAS 
ATLANTA - SAN FRANCISCO 


MACMILLAN & CO., Liutrep 
LONDON - BOMBAY - CALCUTTA 
MELBOURNE 


THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Em. 
TORONTO 


THE 
INDUSTRIAL 
MUSEUM 


By 
CHARLES R. RICHARDS 


New York 
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 


1925 








CoryricuT, 1925, : 
By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. 





Set up and electrotyped. 
Published November, 1925. 


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Printed in the United States of America by — 
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PREFACE 


IN 1919 the National Society of Vocational Education 
obtained from the General Education Board a grant 
which enabled the society to make a survey of art in in- 
dustry. An extensive report dealing in detail with the 
situation in respect to the application of art to the various 
industries was brought out in the year 1922. 

After the publication of this report it was suggested 
that the next step to be taken involved a study of muse- 
ums of industrial art abroad. This study the writer un- 
dertook in behalf of the American Association of Muse- 
ums in the year 1923-24, visiting museums in the 
following countries: England, Sweden, Denmark, Ger- 
many, Austria, Hungary, Czecho-Slovakia, Switzerland, 
France, Belgium and Holland. In general, two types of 
museums were studied—industrial museums and museums 
of industrial art. The results of the survey will be pub- 
lished in the form of two complementary volumes, the 
first of which is now offered to the public. 


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CONTENTS 


CHAPTER PAGE 
BDPREOSHMAND SCOPE Fc 6 wk kc ll I 
II. CoNsERVATOIRE DES ARTS ET METIERS, Paris . . 7 

tit) LHe SCIENCE Museum, LonpON .... . 12 

IV. Tur Deutscues Musrum—MunicH. .. .. 20 
V. Tue TrecunicaL MusEuUM—VIENNA . . . . 33 

VI. InpustriAL MusSEUMS IN THE UNITED StTaTES .— 46 

I a cg ee we le 57 
I. SpecIAL Muszums . . Her Os Pe 

a. Museum of Oceanography, Berlin FUR eve th asd ee 
b. Marine Museums . . a Tt ea Sy GEST 
National Technical and N autical Museum, 

Rotterdam . . . Pee it eM AOL ele k 4 
Musée de Marine, enue Peas Ok ROCs ee 
Marine Museum, Rotterdam . .. . 63 
Netherlands Historical Nautical Museum, 
Amsterdam ae Salton Oia ee Rts 
c. Trafic Museums at Berlin, Daaden, and 
Nuremberg soa? oe ee Od 
d. Agricultural Museum, Budapest ihe” 4,6 stameite 


2. ‘TRANSCRIPT FROM CATALOG OF DISPLAYS IN THE 
Op BUILDING OF THE DEUTSCHES MusEUM 70 


3. STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT FOR OPERATION OF THE 
DrEuUTSCHES MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR I9QI3. ._ +102 


4. ORGANIZATION OF THE MUSEUM COLLECTIONS PrRo- 
POSED BY THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE OF THE 
TECHNICAL MusEeuM, VIENNA, IN JUNE, 1914 II] 


5. STaTuTes MapgE sy THE FEDERAL MINISTRY FOR 
TRADE, INDUSTRY AND BUILDING FOR THE 
CoNDUCT OF THE TECHNICAL MUSEUM OF 
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ILLUSTRATIONS 


Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers . 
Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. Transportation Hall 


Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. Motor vehicle of Cug- 
not, 1770 . RENE aa a 


Science Museum. Facade of new wing . 

Science Museum. View in central hall of new building . 
Science Museum. Locomotive hall of new building . 
Science Museum. Arkwright’s first spinning frame 
Deutsches Museum. View of new building . 
Deutsches Museum. Plan of new building . 

Deutsches Museum. Sectional view of the new building . 


Deutsches Museum. Model of first Bessemer plant in 
Germany 


Deutsches Museum. Hall of Aeronautics . 


Deutsches Museum. Hall devoted to methods of soil cul- 
tivation 


Technical Museum, Vienna. Elevation and section of 
building 


Technical Museum, Vienna. Plan of first floor . 
Technical Museum, Vienna. Vestibule . 
Technical Museum, Vienna. Lecture hall . 
Technical Museum, Vienna. Railway Hall 


Technical Museum, Vienna. Figure of miner undercutting 
coal 


Technical Museum, Vienna. Model of Bessemer converter 
Science Museum. Watt’s first sun and planet engine . 


Science Museum. Reproduction of Stephenson’s Rocket . 
ix 


PAGE 


x ILLUSTRATIONS 


Science Museum. Mandslay’s original saw and cutting lathe 
Science Museum. Planing machine of Roberts 
Museum of Oceanography, Berlin. Hall of warship model 


Musée de Marine. Room containing models of early French 
ships of war . . 6 ) rr 


Marine Museum, Amsterdam. View of first floor . 
Agricultural Museum, Budapest . 


Agricultural Museum, Budapest. Hall containing models 
of farm buildings 2 eh 


Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. Model of engine and 
paddle wheels of river steamboat . 


Science Museum. Railway carriage of 1825 . 
Science Museum. Model of H.M.S. Prince of 1670 . 


Science Museum. Model and sectional drawing of the 
Great Eastern 


Deutsches Museum. Schematic representation of coal mine 
and plant . Rpt Mune sae Bd FF 


Deutsches Museum. Model of gas a Proeuae plant at 
Nuremberpoyie sae : Ne Nie 


Deutsches Museum. Fire tube boiler of Alban, 1859 . 


Deutsches Museum. Model of Watt’s single mis pump- 
ing engine of 1813 . MATE 


Deutsches Museum. Scenic groups illustrating the devel- 
opment of aeroplane construction . » aes 


Deutsches Museum. Hall of Music . 

Deutsches Museum. Development of the plough . 
Deutsches Museum. Laboratory of an alchemist . 
Deutsches Museum. Ptolemaic planetarium 

Technical Museum, Vienna. Model of pressed glass factory 
Technical Museum, Vienna. Styrian refinery . 

Technical Museum, Vienna. Model of the “Viribus Unitis” 


Technical Museum, Vienna. Development of lighting ap- 
paratus so (tet We Miss ote shee Oy Sane er 


PAGE 


52 
54 
60 


62 
64 
67 


68 


70 
72 
74 


76 
78 


80 
82 


84. 


86 
88 
93 
96 
100 
II! 


112 


114 


116 


THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 





THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


Cear LER I 
PURPOSE AND SCOPE 


IN the Far East, particularly in India, the processes 
of production that underlie the daily life are revealed to 
every passerby. In the open booths of the bazaar are to 
be seen the brass and copper metal workers shaping pots 
and pans, the tailor working on his garments, the jeweler 
and silversmith at his tiny forge. At the end of the 
street is the weaver with his loom, and women working 
at the spinning wheel or reeling thread. The dye pots, 
where the finished cloth is dipped, are in a house close by 
and long strips of freshly colored cloth are borne down 
the street at frequent intervals on the way to the owner’s 
house where they will be hung up for drying. At the 
edge of the village near a convenient clay bed the potter 
throws the common water jars or other earthenware 
vessels on his wheel. Nothing is hidden from common 
observation that enters into the material life of the 
community. 

With us in the West all this is different. The processes 
of production that underlie the civilization of today are 
hidden behind factory walls where only the specialized 
factory worker enters. Little is known about these oper- 
ations by the growing boy and girl. ‘To attempt to pre- 
sent these things through books is unsatisfactory and 
tame. ‘The processes must be revealed to the eye and 
set forth in the simplest and clearest possible fashion if 


the foundations of our present-day life are not only to 
I 


2 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


be understood, but to become an element in the culture of 
today. 

The industrial museum in its highest development en- 
deavors to accomplish this purpose by displays of ma- 
terials that clearly and succinctly illustrate industrial 
processes in ways that may be readily understood by 
both young and old. 

If it be granted that this educational aim is the para- 
mount purpose of an industrial museum and its theme the 
industrial basis of our present-day life, it is important to 
define the scope appropriate to the collections of such a 
museum, to set up standards for its displays, and to 
specify its secondary activities. 

Regarding the scope of the collections, we may well 
begin with the methods by which food, clothing, and 
shelter have been obtained. Food getting implies first of 
all primitive methods of hunting and fishing, the care of 
flocks and the tilling of the ground. The preparation of 
food leads shortly to the simple beginnings of pottery 
and the fabrication of metal pots and pans; later glass 
appears. Shelter involves the evolution of primitive 
dwellings from the cave and the brush lean-to to the use 
of tents, then of houses constructed of clay, brick, wood, 
thatch, and stone. Heating, lighting and water supply 
develop in this connection. 

To furnish clothing we have first of all the dressing of 
skins, leather and furs, leading to the beginnings of the 
textile arts founded upon the spinning and weaving of 
plant and animal fibers. 

The need for communication appears early and hiero- 
glyphic forms are followed by writing. ‘Transportation 
by animal power on land and by crude forms of rafts and 
boats on the water were developed in prehistoric times. 
Very early in this effort to meet growing needs appears 
the working of metals—copper and bronze, and finally 
iron. 

Primitive industry had developed into the various 


PURPOSE AND SCOPE 3 


practical forms just noted by the beginning of the Chris- 
tian era. Tilling of the soil employed the same methods 
as are in use today. Thread was spun not only from the 
wool of sheep and goats but also from cotton, flax and 
silk. Dyeing and printing of fabrics were practiced. 
Tanning of leather was universal. The potter’s wheel 
was used for throwing earthenware vessels, and lead 
glazes had been applied to render vessels water-tight. 
Iron was dug from the earth and smelted, and crude steel 
was manufactured. 

For the next sixteen centuries these primitive craft 
processes continued to be employed with but little varia- 
tion. By the time of the High Renaissance a few other 
important inventions and improvements had been added. 
The wool and the flax spinning wheels had been intro- 
duced into Europe, bringing with them greater speed and 
facility in the production of yarn. The manufacture of 
paper had been developed and printing with movable 
types invented. A method of producing cast iron from 
ore in large quantities had been discovered, and iron cast- 
ing brought into general use. 

These simple industrial methods supplied the needs of 
the world until the end of the eighteenth century when 
the industrial revolution was brought into being by a 
number of notable inventions in the form of labor saving 
machines driven by mechanical power. In a brief time 
the steam engine was developed into a practical prime 
mover; quantity production and the division of labor be- 
came the ruling policies of industrial manufacture. For 
the new machines metals were in increased demand and 
improvements in the processes of mining and smelting 
were thus forced. Coke was successfully used as fuel in 
the blast furnace. The puddling furnace was invented. 
Rolling mills were introduced and the process of making 
crucible steel evolved. 

The modern era thus ushered in has witnessed a re- 
markable extension of scientific knowledge through the 


4 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


application of which industrial progress has been greatly 
accelerated. During this period extraordinary develop- 
ments have taken place in the efficiency of prime movers, 
in the manufacture of steel, in specialized automatic ma- 
chines, in land and sea transportation, in chemical indus- 
tries, in manifold applications of electricity, and, most 
recently of all, in the art of aeronautics. 

Thus the world of industry has changed from a crafts- 
man’s world to a factory world. The extent of pro- 
duction is no longer gauged by muscular strength, but by 
the almost unlimited power of physical and chemical 
forces. Man, instead of being himself a motor, has 
become more and more the controller and director of 
energy. | 

On the other hand, while production has been enor- 
mously stimulated in respect to both quantity and speed, 
the basic operations involved in a large proportion of the 
industrial processes of today are much the same as in the 
simple primitive methods. The human hand has been 
replaced by cams, gears, levers, belts, and pulleys, and 
human energy has been supplanted by mechanical power, 
but at the heart of the machine still appears the operation 
that in one form or another has been practiced through 
the centuries. 

It would seem clear that it is to the exposition of the 
basic industries in their simple forms, together with the 
elementary processes of agriculture, mining, and early 
methods of transportation and communication that the 
industrial museum should first address itself. Such dis- 
plays should constitute its first purpose. Upon these as 
a basis should be built the amazing story of the inven- 
tions, devices, machines, and methods that the nineteenth 
and twentieth centuries have brought to bear upon our 
daily life. 

There is little question that a comprehension of mod- 
ern highly developed processes and apparatus can best 
be gained by displays that first set forth the primitive 


PURPOSE AND SCOPE 5 


method, or at least the simplest embodiment of an idea, 
followed by the important progressive steps in their 
historic order. In addition to such a presentation 
through full-sized specimens or models, every resource 
of descriptive labels, diagrams, plans, colored representa- 
tions, and statistics should be utilized to bring out the 
fundamental ideas involved with the maximum of 
clearness. 

Inasmuch as the central idea can be readily confused 
by multiplicity of material, group exhibits should be re- 
duced to the simplest terms. Only significant steps 
should be selected for illustration. Apparatus dealing 
with ideas of only secondary importance should be ex- 
cluded and the library relied upon to complete the story. 

Apparatus should be so arranged as to reveal construc- 
tion and operation in the clearest manner. ‘This is often 
best accomplished by sectioning certain portions. Where 
this is impracticable, sectional drawings or diagrams 
should be used. Wherever motion is essential to com- 
prehension of the operation, apparatus should be so 
arranged that it can be actuated, either by hand or me- 
chanical power. 

The industrial museum should make further provisions 
to forward its educational program. First among these 
are arrangements for the explanation and illustration of 
the exhibits by trained custodians. In addition, a lecture 
theater equipped with projection apparatus for still and 
motion pictures should be provided, and frequent public 
lectures given at stated times, dealing not only with vari- 
ous aspects of industrial development, but with industrial 
topics of special contemporary interest, with new inven- 
tions and scientific discoveries. Provision should also be 
made for temporary exhibitions of material relating to 
industrial or technical subjects brought specially into 
prominence by events of the day. 

The principles and policies just outlined would seem 
to be the inevitable outcome of the purpose and problem 


6 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


of the industrial museum. From these points of view 
it will be well to examine the organization and practice of 
existing industrial museums. 

While logically it might well have originated in the 
United States, the industrial museum, as a matter of 
fact, first found embodiment in Europe. Four compre- 
hensive industrial museums exist: the Deutsches Museum 
in Munich, the Technisches Museum in Vienna, the 
Science Museum in London, and the Conservatoire des 
Arts et Métiers in Paris. There are also the beginnings 
of an industrial museum in the Palais Schwarzenburg at 
Prague called the Bohemian Technical Museum. 

Besides these comprehensive museums, there exist a 
number of special museums devoted to particular sub- 
jects or divisions. In Germany there are three railway 
or trafic museums; there is also one in Budapest. There 
is a museum of oceanography in Berlin, and a museum of | 
similar type in Monaco. ‘There are marine museums in 
Paris, Amsterdam, and Rotterdam, and a very impor- 
tant museum of agriculture in Budapest. 

The museums just enumerated were established with 
various aims in view; they therefore naturally differ 
as to the degree in which their collections and methods 
of display fulfill the educational purpose set forth above. 









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CHAPTER II 
CONSERVATOIRE DES ARTS ET METIERS, PARIS 


First of the museums of industry to be established was 
the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers in Paris, in the 
year 1799. [he conception was first outlined by Des- 
cartes who proposed a museum containing scientifie in- 
struments and the tools of the several mechanical trades. 
His project provided that a skilled artisan or mechanic 
be attached to each trade group to answer questions re- 
garding processes and the use of tools. 

The plan, however, was not realized until a century 
later when, during the period of the Directory, the fol- 
lowing decree was passed by the Convention in 1794. 

Article 1—There shall be formed at Paris, under the 
name of the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, and un- 
der the instruction of the Commission of Agriculture and 
the Arts, a public depository of machines, models, tools, 
drawings, descriptions, and books of all the arts and 
trades; originals of instruments and machines invented 
and perfected shall be deposited at the Conservatoire. 

Article 2—The construction and use of tools and ma- 
chines employed in the arts and trades shall be explained 
there. 

The decree was not at once put into effect, but later 
on, in 1798, under pressure of public sentiment, the Coun- 
cil of Five Hundred adopted a resolution establishing 
the Conservatoire in the buildings of the old priory of 
Saint-Martin-des-Champs. The following year the Con- 
servatoire took possession of these buildings and trans- 
ferred there the collections of scientific apparatus and 
models of machines previously made by Vaucanson and 
by the Academy of Sciences during the old régime. 

7 


8 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


The ancient church of the priory, of which the choir 
was built in the eleventh century, is still used as an 
exhibition hall, and the refectory, dating from the twelfth 
century, now houses the library. ‘The priory buildings, 
added to at various times, now represent a series of 
rather narrow exhibition halls comprising about 86,000 
square feet of floor area. ‘The lighting of many of the 
rooms is extremely poor. This is true to such an extent 
that the contents of wall cases are often invisible. 

The scope of the museum collections may be indicated 
by the following divisions: physics, electrical industries; 
geometry, weights and measures; mechanics and ma- 
chines, transportation; chemical industries; mining and 
metallurgy; graphic arts; textile arts; arts of construc- 
tion; agriculture; industrial accident prevention, and in- 
dustrial hygiene. 

The collections represented at first the whole scope 
of the Conservatoire. In 1819 a new step was taken 
through the creation of public courses on science applied 
to the arts and industries. ‘Testing laboratories were 
added to the Conservatoire in 1901. They comprehend 
the following sections: 

1. Physics dealing with tests of thermometers, indica- 
tors, optical and photographic apparatus, and weights 
and measures. 

2. Materials testing as applied to metals, wood, cord- 
age, textiles, rubber, etc. 

3. Materials testing as applied to limestone, cement, 
sand, plaster, ceramic products, glass, slate, etc. 

4. Machine testing as applied to generators, hydraulic 
motors, pumps, internal combustion engines, and machine 
appliances. 

5. This section is limited to the study of vegetable 
substances and to chemical tests of material dealt with in 
the other sections. 

A museum of safety and of industrial hygiene was 





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CONSERVATOIRE DES ARTS ET METIERS, PARIS 9 


organized in 1904. In this department there are a con- 
siderable number of metal working and wood working 
tools and examples of textile apparatus provided with 
safety appliances which are shown in operation. 

The Conservatoire is administered by a Board of 
Managers numbering twenty-six, which exercises consid- 
erable autonomy in administering the affairs of the in- 
stitution. The Board is constituted of senators, deputies, 
educational officers of the government, municipal coun- 
selors, industrialists, representatives of engineering and 
learned societies, and professors from scientific, industrial 
and technical schools. The director is appointed by and 
is responsible to the Under-Secretary of State for Tech- 
nical Education, who is an official of the Ministry of 
Public Instruction and Fine Arts. The internal organiza- 
tion is as follows: conservateur, assistant conservateur, 
chief guardian, brigadier, guardians, laborers. ‘The 
Conservatoire is mainly supported by government sub- 
ventions, but fees are also obtained from the testing 
laboratories that form part of the institution. 

Among the noteworthy elements in the collection are 
ornamental turning lathes, some of them the gift of the 
Czar Peter the Great to the Academy of Science; a col- 
lection of calculating machines and examples of the aba- 
cus; an extensive collection of early spinning and weav- 
ing machinery, especially the Jacquard loom; physical 
apparatus from the laboratory of Lavoisier; the work 
of Daguerre and other early photographic inventors; 
objects illustrating the history of time measurement 
embracing an extensive collection of clocks. 

Only repairs to models are made in the museum work- 
shops. All models are constructed either by industrial- 
ists, in which case they are often presented to the museum, 
or by specialists outside the museum, in which case they 
are paid for. 

The library of the museum contains some 53,000 vol- 


10 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


umes relating to science, art, agriculture and industry. 
It is open each week day from 10 a. m. to 3 p. m., and 
from 7 p. m. to 10 p. m. 

Between the years 1905 and 1910, six official cata- 
logues of the collections were published. These are still 
available and although not brought up to date, contain 
a fairly comprehensive inventory of the models existing 
in the collection. The first volume deals with mechanics 
and machines, locomotion and transportation; the sec- 
ond with physics, heat, acoustics, optics, magnetism and 
electricity, telegraphy and telephony and meteorology; 
the third with descriptive geometry, geodesy, cosmog- 
raphy, astronomy, nautical science, chronometry, meas- 
uring instruments and weights and measures; the fourth 
with chemical industries, dyeing and printing of textiles, 
ceramics and glass; the fifth with graphic arts, photog- 
raphy, spinning and weaving, mining, metallurgy and the 
working of metals; the sixth with the arts of construc- 
tion and civil engineering, industrial art, domestic econ- 
omy, hygiene, agriculture, and rural engineering. 


From a museum standpoint the value of the Conser- 
vatoire rests entirely upon its very extensive collection 
of models of tools, machines, apparatus, and industrial 
buildings. ‘These models are in most cases beautifully 
made, but no educational principle seems to have guided 
their selection. The significant invention or for- 
ward step is lost in the mass of material. Again, no 
attempt has been made to bring out the nature of basic 
industries by the illustration of primitive or early methods 
followed by progressive steps arranged in series. 
Scarcely any explanatory matter in the form of repre- 
sentations, drawings, diagrams, or labels has been used 
to make clear the processes or principles involved. A 
few of the models can be operated electrically, but the 
proportion is very small. 

In short, the educational possibilities of the collections 


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CONSERVATOIRE DES ARTS ET METIERS, PARIS 11 


have not been developed. The Conservatoire is today 
merely a great storehouse of material, valuable to the 
technical student and the engineer, but undeveloped in 
the educational sense. 


CHAPTER III 
THE SCIENCE MUSEUM—LONDON 


REALIZATION of the need of diffusing more widely 
knowledge respecting vital national industries led to the 
creation in 1853 of a Museum of Science as an integral 
part of the Science and Art Department of the Privy 
Council. The collections, largely based on a nucleus left 
from the Crystal Palace Exposition of 1851, were ar- 
ranged for public inspection for the first time in 1857 in 
temporary buildings at South Kensington. At first they 
consisted only of foods and animal products; to these 
were subsequently added educational apparatus gathered 
by the Society of Art and presented by that body to the 
government in 1857. Collections comprising structures 
and building materials were formed later. 

Concurrently with the organization of the Science 
Museum a patent museum was opened in 1857 in an 
iron building at South Kensington. This museum lan- 
guished and eventually the contents were handed over by 
the Patents Law Amendments Act of 1883 to the Science 
and Art Department. 

A naval and marine engineering collection was com- 
menced in 1864 when the Royal School of Naval Archi- 
tecture was founded at South Kensington. The collec- 
tion, consisting very largely of objects brought together 
by the Admiralty at Somerset House, was transferred in 
1873 to the Naval Museum at Greenwich; in the interval, 
however, it had been largely extended, not only by loans 
and gifts from private shipbuilding and engineering firms, 
but also by purchase,—a condition that has since con- 
tinued with the result that this division has grown to 


very large proportions. 
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THE SCIENCE MUSEUM—LONDON 13 


An International Loan Collection of Scientific Appara- 
tus was held in London in 1876. The residue left at its 
close formed the nucleus of a collection illustrating the 
application of physics, chemistry, astronomy, and other 
pure sciences which has since been augmented to a notable 
extent. 

In 1899 the Board of Education, constituted as a De- 
partment of State, took over, among other activities, the 
work voi the Science and Art Department. In 1908 the 
Science Museum began its independent existence. In 
this year the science collections were removed from the 
Victoria and Albert Museum and separately housed in 
galleries to the west of Exhibition Road. These gal- 
leries are not as a whole well suited for display purposes, 
inasmuch as they are lacking in rooms of sufficient size 
and height to accommodate large specimens. 

From the early years of its existence, Royal Commis- 
sions, Treasury, Departmental, and Select Committees 
had examined the collections of the Science Museum and 
had reported thereon. ‘The consensus of the recommen- 
dations made by these bodies was that the museum should 
be developed in definite directions, that the temporary 
buildings should be replaced by permanent ones, that 
funds should be found for purchases, and that an ade- 
quate staff should be employed. Little, however, resulted 
until a deputation of eminent men of science urged upon 
the president of the Board of Education the need for 
action. A Departmental Committee, created in IgI0, 
presented in 1912 a report of such convincing and author- 
itative character that the Government authorized the 
erection of a new building on the existing site. 

The shell of this structure, finished before the outbreak 
of the World War, was then handed over to other de- 
partments. In 1923 the work of completion was begun, 
and at the end of 1924 the ground floor was finished and 
objects were installed. 

The completion of this entire building will add floor 


14 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


space approximating 135,000 square feet to the 45,000 
square feet formerly available. The new building will, 
for the first time, provide the museum with large exhibi- 
tion halls which will accommodate suitably its many ex- 
amples of large machines and engines. 

The Science Museum is now administered by the 
Board of Education. ‘There is an advisory committee 
of twelve members who report annually to the president 
of the Board on the conduct of the museum and its 
needs. 

The museum is headed by a director; its technical and 
directing staff is as follows: 


I director at a salary of £1,200. 

3 keepers at salaries ranging from £750 to £900 

2 deputy keepers at salaries ranging from £600 to 
£750. 

2 assistant keepers at salaries ranging from £400 to 
£600. : 

4 assistants at salaries ranging from £200 to £250. 

4 assistants at salaries ranging from £150 to £180, 

1 guide lecturer at £240. 

8 technical assistants at salaries ranging from £1 50 
to £250. 


For administrative purposes the museum is divided 
into four divisions: 


I. Industrial Machinery and Manufactures. 
II. Mechanical Engineering, Land Transport and 
Construction. 
III. Water Transport, Marine Engineering. and 
Aeronautics. 
IV. Science Collections. 


In detail the scope of the museum is as follows: 


Stationary engines and boilers 
Land transport: roads; railways 


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Science Museum. 





THE SCIENCE MUSEUM—LONDON 15 


Lifting appliances 

Power transmission 

Pumps 

Fire protection 

Structures and building construction 
Water supply; sewage; sanitation 

Textile machinery; sewing machines 
Agricultural implements and farm machinery 
Mining, ore dressing and metallurgy 
Paper making; printing; writing; copying 
Electrical engineering 

Telegraphy, telephony, wireless 

Lighting appliances 

Machine tools 

Marine engines 

Ship models; naval architecture 

Harbor and docks; lighthouses 
Aeronautics; aero engines 

Horology 

Astronomy 

Geology; geography; geophysics; oceanography 
Mineralogy; crystallography 

Optical instruments 

Photography; kinematography 
Mathematics 

Meteorology 

Thermal instruments 

Properties of matter; physical phenomena 
Acoustical instruments 

Geodesy; surveying; cartography 
Chemistry 

Biology 


The Science Museum is extremely rich in original ma- 
terial and models associated directly with great inventors 
and pioneers, such as Watt, Arkwright, Stephenson, 
Maudslay, Bessemer, and with men of science, among 


16 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


whom may be mentioned Babbage, Herschel and Kelvin. 
Models and drawings of early engines of Newcomen and 
Watt, a locomotive of 1813, Stephenson’s Rocket, and 
other locomotives of 1829, Arkwright’s first spinning 
frame, a replica of Hargreaves’ spinning jenny, Mauds- 
lay’s first screw cutting lathe, and other mile-stones of the 
industrial revolution are numbered among its technical 
treasures. 

The museum is particularly comprehensive in the divi- 
sions of textiles, land and air transportation, steam en- 
gines and early machine tools. The section devoted to 
water transportation is also very complete and contains 
models of merchant and war vessels from the fifteenth 
century to the sectioned models of great steamships of 
the present time. 

Of late years much attention has been paid to the eluci- 
dation of the exhibits from the educational standpoint. 
A large number of the technical models have been ar- 
ranged to operate mechanically, and diagrams and other 
explanatory matter have been effectively introduced. 
Much care has been taken with the labels attached to the 
exhibits. These labels present not only the historic facts 
regarding the exhibits, but describe their construction 
and operation. 

The historical material in the museum is mainly the 
property of the institution, while the objects illustrating 
modern developments are generally secured through the 
courtesy of manufacturers and private persons, and are 
almost always on loan. As a result the basic collection 
is in the main permanent while the modern material is 
subject to continued withdrawal and weeding out to make 
room for more recent objects. | 

Up to the present time, the museum has not conducted 
lectures and has had no special arrangements for guid- 
ing parties through the collections. A guide lecturer will, 
however, be employed after the completion of the new 
installations. Lecture tours will be given twice daily 


‘SUIP[INg Mau ‘[[BY aAT}OWIOIOY ‘wWiNasNyAY 2dUaTIG 








THE SCIENCE MUSEUM—LONDON 17 


except Sunday so as to compass the entire scope of the 
museum in about two weeks. 

In the same group of buildings is a science library, the 
only library of its kind in England, containing books and 
periodicals relating to pure and applied science, transac- 
tions of learned societies, journals, and a complete collec- 
tion of British patent specifications. 

The support of the museum is derived entirely from 
Government appropriations under the Board of Educa- 
tion. The appropriations for the fiscal year 1924-25 
were as follows: 


eIMrIGR AN WAGES... ccc ee ees £40,538 
Packing, mounting, and repairs and 
setting up objects for exhibition. . 2,500 
Traveling and incidental expenses. . 1,414 
Telegrams and telephone......... 2,500 
REIRRERPTANG oo. i cn eacc es ce cs’ 2,500 
STEN ps osc. s'0s'e 6 «3,9 0a. £47,201 


The cost of accessions to the collections and additions 
to the Science library is met from a so-called grant-in-aid 
or purchase grant. Unexpended balances of this grant 
are not returned to the Treasury; accumulations are 
thus available to meet abnormal expenditures. ‘The aver- 
age sum now spent is £1,400 a year. The expenditures 
of late years on additions to the Science library have 
been from £800 to £1,000 a year. 

The museum publishes an annual report and has either 
in print or in process of publication the following de- 
scriptive and illustrated catalogues which, by reason of 
the clarity and comprehensiveness of their historical 
notes, form an extremely valuable compendium of me- 
chanical inventions and industrial progress: 


Mining and ore-dressing 
Metallurgy (in the press) 
Textile machinery 


18 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


Machine tools 

Aeronautics; do. supplement 
Meteorology 

Stationary engines and boilers 
Land transport 


1. Roads and road vehicles (in the press) 
2. Mechanical road vehicles (in the press) 
3. Locomotives and rolling stock 


Water transport 


1. Sailing ships 
2. Steamships of war (in the press) 
3. Marine engines and boilers (in the press) 


Biology (in the press) 
Mathematics 


1. Calculating instruments (in the press) 
2. Geodesy and surveying (in the press) 


Electrical communication 


1. Wireless telegraphy (in the press) 


The Science Museum contains extensive collections 
with many original examples of great interest in the his- 
tory of mechanical progress dating from the beginnings 
of the industrial revolution, particularly in the field of 
the steam engine and the railway, machine tools, and tex- 
tile machinery. Some steps have been taken towards 
depicting the more elementary phases of industrial 
methods, but as yet the arrangement of material in pro- 
gressive series to illustrate industrial evolution is. not 
a conspicuous feature of the museum. The policies of 
the museum, however, are steadily tending to emphasize 
historic development, and the displays reflect more and 
more clearly the educational ideal. 

The arrangement in the older buildings is sometimes 
rather miscellaneous and crowded. ‘This condition will 


[GEEeeeemeecer ene OS De IROS ” * % 





Science Museum. Arkwright’s first spinning frame. 





THE SCIENCE MUSEUM—LONDON 19 


be greatly relieved when the entire extent of the new 
building is available and the displays in these admirably 
planned, well lighted spaces allow at least the major 
portions of the collections to be seen to full advantage. 


CHAPTER IV 
THE DEUTSCHES MUSEUM—MUNICH ! 


In 1903 Dr. Oskar von Miller presented a plan for 
a museum of master works of natural science and tech- 
nology to a group of government and city representatives, 
scholars and technologists in the city of Munich. The 
purpose of the museum as then outlined was to illustrate 
the development of natural science and technology and to 
present a vivid history of the influence of invention and 
mechanical progress upon social life. With the hearty co- 
operation of leading industrialists and men of science 
and with assistance from both the national government 
and the city of Munich, the museum project was soon 
brought to realization. 

The collections were housed for many years in the 
old building of the Bavarian National Museum, but in 
1911 the Insel in the River Isar was granted to the 
museum by the city. and carefully prepared plans for 
a large and comprehensive set of buildings were finally 
developed in a scale model. 

The cost of the new building before its erection was 
estimated to be about 14,000,000 marks, to which sum 
the city of Munich expected to contribute 1,000,000, the 
Bavarian government 2,000,000, the German Empire 
2,000,000, and German industry more than 2,000,000. 
In addition German industry had expressed its readiness 
to promote the building of the museum by donating vari- 
ous building materials and by undertaking extensive build- 
ing and installation works either without compensation 


*The Deutsches Museum is referred to in these pages by the untrans- 
lated title by which it is universally known. 
20 


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THE DEUTSCHES MUSEUM—MUNICH 21 


or for a part of the net cost. The German railroad ad- 
ministration granted free transportation for all supplies 
for the museum building. 

The buildings, which are of reinforced concrete, were 
virtually completed in 1913, but owing to the World 
War the actual task of removing and installing the col- 
lections was not begun until 1922. With the limited re- 
sources at hand, the task of moving the collections is a 
slow one, but it is expected that they will be entirely 
installed in the course of the year 1925.1 

The new building, as shown on the plan, consists of 
a series of separate halls, each of which is devoted to 
a particular division of industry. Each section has been 
designed with reference to the type of collections to be 
accommodated and every effort has been made in the 
architecture of each hall to create an atmosphere appro- 
priate to the exhibits to be installed. The floor space 
of the exhibition halls will total over 250,000 square 
feet. 

The administration of the museum is under the hon- 
orary presidency of the German Chancellor, the German 
Minister of the Interior, the Bavarian Minister-Presi- 
dent, and the Bavarian Minister of Education. There is 
a Board of Directors which might better be called an 
advisory council, consisting in 1923 of 102 members, of 
whom 63 were appointed by the German and Bavarian 
governments and by technical and scientific societies, and 
39 by a so-called General Committee for a period of 
three years. 

The General Committee numbers 575 members, 
among whom are the foremost representatives of Ger- 
man science, technology, and industry. “The members 
of this committee assist in all important questions and 
problems with their counsel and cooperation. The Board 
of Directors or Advisory Council meets once a year. The 


1The formal opening of the museum in its new home occurred on 
May 6, 1925, the eightieth birthday of its founder, Oskar von Miller, 


22 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


General Committee functions through consultation with 
individuals. 

The Executive Committee, upon which falls the actual 
business of administering the affairs of the museum, con- 
sists of Dr. Oskar von Miller, the founder, Privy Coun- 
cillor Dr. W. von Dyck, and Dr. Georg Kerschensteiner, 
professor at the University of Munich. 

The museum organization is divided into the following 
departments: administration, business office, new build- 
ing, science, technology, industry, library and workshop. 

The number of officers and employees in 1923 was 
105. Among these were ten heads of departments and 
technical divisions; twenty-five engineers, architects, tech- 
nicians, and draftsmen who assist in the development of 
the collections as well as in the completion of the new 
building and its arrangements, also nine business em- 
ployees who attend to the current bookkeeping, accounts, 
etc., and fifty-nine guards who, with two supervisors, 
care for the museum and visitors. 

The collections are classified in the following divisions 
and groups: 

1. Mining, Smelting and Metal Working 

Geology, mining construction, ore, salt and coal 
mining 

Mining machinery 

Metallurgy 

Iron production (cast iron, mild steel, crucible 
steel) 

Metal working (casting, forging, pressing, rolling, 
machining ) 


2. Prime Movers and Transportation 
Man power motors 
Wind motors 
Hydraulic motors 
Steam engines 
Gas and oil motors 
Sleighs and wagons 


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THE DEUTSCHES MUSEUM—MUNICH 


Bicycles and automobiles 
Steam and electric railroads 
Road and railway construction 
Tunnel construction 

Bridge building 

Canal and harbor construction 
Ship building 


Aeronautics 


3. Science 


Time, Space and Weight Measurement 
Mathematics 

Physics, telegraphy and telephony 
Musical instruments 

History and theory of chemistry 
Geodesy 

Meteorology 


4. Engineering and Building Construction 
Building materials 
Private and municipal buildings 
Water supply and canalization 
Heating and refrigeration 
Lighting 
Gas technology 
Electric technology 


5. Textile Industry, Paper Industry, Agriculture 
Spinning 
Weaving 
Needle work 
Paper mills and paper machinery 
Writing and writing technique 
Printing 
Reproductive processes 
Soil culture and harvesting methods 
Flour mill construction 
Dairies 
Brewing and distilling 


24 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


The heads of the scientific and technical depart- 
ments are men of high scientific and technical standing. 
This is true also of the engineers and architects who have 
charge of the special technical groups. ‘The divisional 
or sectional chiefs are responsible directly to the presi- 
dent. It is their duty to study all available literature on 
their special subject from the earliest time to the present, 
and to make out lists of objects desired, together with 
models, originals or pictures required to illustrate the 
subject in so far as the space at their disposal permits. 
This list, after discussion with Dr. von Miller, is sent 
to the referee expert who is the representative of the 
special subject on the General Committee. The repre- 
sentative in question either interests himself in obtain- 
ing the objects or indicates where they can be obtained. 
If the objects desired do not exist, sketches and drawings 
are prepared, or the objects are made either in the 
museum or outside. | 

The group engineer sees to the installation and ar- 
rangement of exhibits falling within his field. He pur- 
chases objects on his own responsibility up to the sum 
of $25. An assistant group engineer is in charge of 
the receipt and dispatch of objects. 

One of the features of the Deutsches Museum is a 
Hall of Fame which occupies a prominent place at the 
entrance of the new building. Here is perpetuated the 
memory of the most eminent German scientists and tech- 
nicians. Bas relief portraits of Fraunhofer, Gauss, Leib-: 
nitz, Otto v. Guerike, Siemens, Krupp, Robert Mayer, 
Helmholtz, Bunsen, Liebig, Kepler, Gutenberg, Reichen- 
back and Borsig now adorn the hall. On the walls are a 
collection of letters, drawings, and manuscripts of famous 
scientists and technicians of all times and countries. 

Included in the museum is a reference library contain- 
ing about 100,000 scientific and technical works. Some 
12,000 books are presented to the library each year. 

Throughout every effort has been made to display 


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THE DEUTSCHES MUSEUM—MUNICH 25 


material to the best advantage. The composition of 
walls, floors, cases, etc., is made subservient to the main 
object of drawing attention to the objects exhibited. A 
large percentage of apparatus in the collections is in 
working condition. Many of the models are connected 
with electric motors, and may be actuated by visitors 
or guides. 

All the processes of industry and methods of min- 
ing and transportation have been studied so as to find 
their important and significant features and to make 
these clear to the visitor. The typical method that is 
pursued is to illustrate the development of every art by 
first showing its primitive beginnings, either through ac- 
tual apparatus, models or representations. The simple 
ideas thus embodied can be easily grasped. From this 
starting point the museum shows in sequence the impor- 
tant progressive steps that have taken place. These 
advances have sometimes been very slowly made,—per- 
haps with a lapse of centuries between. The different 
stages are illustrated and the principles and facts in- 
volved are further made clear by every resource of dia- 
grams, plans, colored representations, statistics, and 
descriptive labels. 

A characteristic instance that well illustrates this 
method is the case of the textile processes. First of all 
is shown a figure of a woman spinning thread with a 
simple top spindle from crude wool or flax held on a 
distaff under her left arm. Following this come the 
hand spinning wheels, one of which is the high wheel 
used for wool. This wheel requires a forward-turning 
of the wheel in order to twist and pull out the fibre run- 
ning from the spindle to the hand, then a stop and a 
further movement to wind up the twisted thread on the 
spindle. The next step is shown by the spinning jenny 
of Hargreaves who first arranged a machine for multiple 
spinning which evolved into the mule spinning frame of 
today operating exactly as did the old high wheel with 


26 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


one motion to pull out and twist the thread, then a stop, 
and a further motion to wind up the thread on the 
spindles. | 

The low or flax spinning wheel, developed in Europe in 
the early part of the sixteenth century, was an ingenious 
device which allowed the twisting of the thread and the 
winding up of the same on the spindle or bobbin through 
one continuous rotating movement. ‘The evolution of 
this wheel, first into Arkwright’s water frame, next into 
the power flyer spinning frame, and finally into the ring 
spinning frame of today is shown in a progressive series. 

The physical and chemical sciences that underlie mod- 
ern technical and industrial methods receive considerable 
attention in the Deutsches Museum. ‘The fundamental 
conceptions in these sciences are presented objectively 
either through models, diagrams, or charts, but, always 
in close relation, are found the practical applications of 
the sciences as embodied in modern invention and tech- 
nical methods. 

Geology is a case in point. Sections and geologic maps 
that bring out clearly the nature of the earth’s crust are 
followed by the group on mining. There the simple ap- 
pliances and methods of early times in the search for use- 
ful minerals are exhibited. Paintings and models show 
the construction of mines from which different ores, coal, 
and salt are obtained. Primitive methods of gold wash- 
ing are also shown. The development of drills, con- 
veying plants, ventilating and pumping apparatus are 
illustrated from the oldest machines to the modern ap- 
paratus of today worked by steam or electricity. 

In addition three different kinds of mines—coal, salt, 
and metal—are shown by full-sized actual shafts, drifts, 
and galleries excavated and built in the basement of the 
museum building. 

Following mining comes a section on the metallurgy 
of iron. This section is introduced by a large wall paint- 


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Deutsches Museum. Model of first Bessemer plant in Germany. 


THE DEUTSCHES MUSEUM—MUNICH 27 


ing giving a schematic survey of the entire field of iron 
and steel production. 

The evolution of the blast furnace for the production 
of pig iron with its auxiliary equipment, such as coke 
ovens, hot blast stoves, etc., is indicated by models and 
pictures. In the same way the old and the modern proc- 
esses in the manufacture of wrought iron, both directly 
from the iron ore and indirectly from pig iron, are pre- 
sented. An old-fashioned German bloomery dating back 
to the early nineteenth century is installed in this section 
together with models of old and new puddling furnaces. 

Next come models of the first Bessemer and Siemens- 
Martin plants in Germany. ‘These are followed by an 
exposition of the manufacturing of crucible steel, by 
means of a sectional model of a crucible furnace from 
the year 1811 and a model of a modern crucible furnace. 
Converting and annealing furnaces are also illustrated by 
models and drawings as well as the new electric furnaces. 

In the next section the working and machining of iron 
is dealt with. ‘The processes of rolling are shown by a 
model and drawings of an old rolling mill and by models 
of the various later types, including mills for rolling sheet 
metal and for armor plate. 

In the group devoted to forging, an old forge with 
implements and forged products is shown in a full- 
sized reproduction. Water driven and steam hammers 
are represented by a series of models which include a 
scale model of the great Krupp hammer of 50,000 kilo- 
gram power. A model of a forging press to operate 
under pressure of 3,000,000 kilograms also finds a place 
in this section. 

The Division of Transportation is a very important 
feature of the museum. In the old building both land 
and water transportation were very fully developed. 
Land transportation was illustrated from primitive ve- 
hicles drawn by men and animals to the most modern 


28 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


types of motor cars. The technical evolution of rail- 
ways was shown at much length. A full-sized working 
reproduction of the “Puffing Billy,” a locomotive of 1813, 
in the Science Museum, and Stephenson’s Rocket are a 
few examples of the many that tell the story of develop- 
ment in this field. The history of electric railways was 
also fully told. ‘This group contains the original of the 
first electric locomotive by Werner-Siemens of the year 
1879, followed by models and actual examples exemplify- 
ing the growth of electric railways since that time. 

Water transportation is illustrated by means of models 
of the most primitive types of log boats and canoes, 
Pheenician ships, Greek triremes, and medieval galleys 
up to elaborate sectional models of great steamships of 
today. The walls are adorned with copies of Egyptian 
and Assyrian paintings showing types of early craft. The 
evolution of the screw propeller is depicted in a series of 
thirteen full-sized specimens. Models of docks and river 
shipping follow, together with a relief plan showing the 
layout of a harbor with buoys and lighthouse. 

In the late fall of 1923, the installation of the aero- 
nautical section in the upper portion of the transportation 
hall of the new building had been practically completed. 
The exhibit has been developed in an exceedingly interest- 
ing fashion, and is admirably displayed. It starts with 
examples of skeletons and stuffed specimens of great 
flying birds and close at hand is a cyclorama showing 
bird flight. ‘The first alcove is to be devoted to models 
and data bearing upon the science of flying. Then come 
models and illustrations showing the early gas-filled bal- 
loons of Mongolfier and others. 

Along the gallery rail are sloping cases which con- 
tain engravings and wood cuts bearing upon the his- 
tory of aeronautics. Several of the alcoves are built 
with recessed spaces with glass fronts in which are placed 
scenic panorama made to scale illustrating various im- 
portant episodes in the history of flying. 


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THE DEUTSCHES MUSEUM—MUNICH 29 


Paper manufacture is explained both as to processes 
and materials, in all its details. To the evolution of 
writing and printing, considerable space is devoted. A 
monk’s cell of the medieval period as well as Guten- 
berg’s printing room are both reproduced. Special atten- 
tion is given to the most modern methods of color 
printing. 

Agriculture is considered from the side of processes 
and implements. The evolution of the plow and other 
agricultural implements is vividly depicted, both by full- 
sized examples and by many models arranged in scenic 
groups. A small cinema room is provided for develop- 
ing pictures showing plant growth. 

One large hall of much architectural beauty is devoted 
to the development of musical instruments. Wind instru- 
ments are shown here in historic forms, and their method 
of action brought out by demonstration. Here the sim- 
ple clavichord and spinnet evolve before one’s eyes into 
the grand piano of today. 

A description of the Deutsches Museum cannot 
close without reference to the extremely interesting plan- 
etarium showing the movements of the sun, moon, plan- 
ets and fixed stars as viewed by an observer on the earth. 
The planetarium consists of a white surfaced concrete 
dome ten meters in diameter upon which the heavenly 
bodies are projected as spots of light by a remarkable 
apparatus made by Zeiss of Jena. By means of this ap- 
paratus the fixed stars of the heavens up to the number 
of 4,500. are represented in varying intensity. Even 
the milky way is indicated. 

The whole apparatus revolves about an axis corres- 
ponding to the polar axis which is approximately 42 de- 
grees for the latitude of Munich. 

The chief purpose of the planetarium is, of course, 
the representation of the movements of the sun, moon 
and planets. The relations of these bodies are repro- 
duced in all their seasonal phases and regulated as to 


30 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


rate of movement through a motor drive system to al- 
most any extent. To illustrate the daily cycle the whole 
system is turned about the polar axis. Speeds can be so 
regulated that a day may be made equivalent to 4% or 2 
minutes or even only 50 seconds. —The movements of the 
sun, moon and planets can be controlled separately from 
that of the fixed star heaven. By these means the celes- 
tial events of a whole year may be reviewed in 4% min- 
utes or 50 seconds, or even 7 seconds, and the movements | 
of the planets traced in an extremely vivid fashion.* 

The attendance at the Deutsches Museum is very large 
and before the war was increasing yearly. About 1910 
it exceeded 300,000 a year. All pupils in the public 
schools of Munich over 10 years of age are required by 
the educational authorities to visit the museum once a 
year under guidance. 

Visits of two kinds are arranged by the museum: 

1. Visits personally conducted by the engineers of the 
respective groups. These visits extend over some one 
section of the museum, embracing one to three halls, 
and take place daily except on Sundays and holidays at 
8:15 p.m. 

2. Special personally conducted visits for single visi- 
tors or groups. The duration of the conducted visit is 
about 2 hours. ‘These visits may be applied for at any 
time between 9 a.m. and 1 p.m. and between 2:30 and 
6 p.m. 

Public lectures on special subjects, often given by 
a member of the General Committee, were formerly con- 
ducted. Frequent evening lectures, aimed at the work- 
ing man type, were also given by group engineers on a 
particular subject in their own group. | 

Before the war these lectures were widely advertised 
and posted throughout the schools and the headquarters 
of the trade and technical societies of the city. 


* A summarized list of the material included in each division and group 
of the collection as arranged in the old buildings is given in Appendix 2. 


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THE DEUTSCHES MUSEUM—MUNICH — 31° 


A fund contributed by individuals has been established 
to facilitate the bringing of students and workers from 
schools and industrial establishments in different parts 
of Germany to the museum. They come from Real- 
schulen, Gymnasien and factories. Some 300 students 
thus yearly spend four days at the museum. The money 
is given to the schools which select the individuals, two 
or three from each institution. Each student makes a 
report to the school on the results of his study of the 
museum, a copy of which is sent to the museum. For 
unusually excellent reports diplomas to the number of six 
or eight are awarded. 

The museum is also used as a center by scientific, tech- 
nical, and industrial societies for conferences or con- 
gresses. 

Before the war the cost of maintenance was about 
400,000 marks ($100,000) a year. ‘To defray these 
costs the Bavarian government and the German Empire 
each contributed 50,000 marks, and the remainder was 
covered by admission fees and interest. The city of 
Munich supplied heating and light free of charge. 

Membership in the museum may be acquired by cor- 
porations, societies, firms, and individuals: 

1. By subscribing a fixed sum of at least 200 marks 

2. By paying a yearly subscription of at least 6 marks 

The number of members in 1923 was about 6,100. 

The price of admission before the war was 20 pfennige 
for each person. Tickets good for one year cost 3 marks. 
Students’ tickets for scholars accompanied by teachers 
good for the usual hours of admission, with the excep- 
tion of Sundays and holidays, were sold at the price of 
1 mark for 15 tickets. 

For the year 1913 the total receipts were 611,888.88 
marks. The ordinary expenditures, including salaries 
and wages for operation, maintenance charges, and pur- 
chases of objects to supplement the collections, were 
256,516.13 marks. The extraordinary expenditures, in- 


32 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


cluding salaries and wages for initial arrangement of 
displays, expenditures for structural arrangements, and 
purchase of objects in the groups were 84,094.60 marks, 
making a total of expenditures for the year of 340,610.73 
marks.* 


To sum up: The Deutsches Museum has had, from its 
inception, a purely educational aim and an educational 
policy. Its organization, collections, and methods of 
display have all been so developed as to forward this 
educational purpose. Material has not been collected 
and installed to make a storehouse of industrial apparatus 
and models, but to illustrate significant inventions and 
important phases of scientific and industrial progress. 
The only question that arises when the museum is viewed 
from this angle is as to whether it has not somewhat 
over-reached itself in the matter of size and complexity. 
On the other hand, the displays have been most effectively 
developed to reach popular comprehension and to impart 
vivid impressions of the high spots in the history of 
science and inventions. All the secondary activities of the 
museum are admirably adapted to further the main edu- 
cational purpose. 


* The financial reports for the year 1913 are presented in Appendix 3. 




















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Elevation and section of building. 


Technical Museum, Vienna. 


CHAPTER. V 
THE TECHNICAL MUSEUM—VIENNA 


(Technisches Museum fir Industrie und 


Gewerbe in Wien) 


THE technical museum in Vienna, though long ago 
conceived, has only recently come to realization. An im- 
portant step was taken after the International Exposition 
of 1873 in an attempt to bring together material ex- 
hibited there illustrating Austrian industry and inven- 
tions. While it was found impossible to retain all this 
material, a certain amount became the basis of the Tech- 
nologisches Gewerbe Museum. Subsequently there 
developed independently a Post and Telegraph Museum, 
a Historical Museum of Austrian Railways, and an In- 
dustrial Hygiene Museum. The movement took final 
form in 1908 on the occasion of the sixty-year jubilee 
of the Emperor Franz Joseph. The large trades ex- 
hibition, first planned, became on second thought a per- 
manent museum for the education of the people. 

In 1909 an imperial decree was issued dealing with 
the organization and purposes of this national technical 
museum. A report made in 1914, shows that an organ- 
ization of technical advisors called a Kollegium had 
been developed consisting of 875 members divided into 
seventeen technical groups comprising agriculture, min- 
ing and smelting, iron and metal industries, machine 
construction, electrotechnics, transportation and com- 
munication, the scientific foundations of technology, 
chemical industries, industries dealing with food and 
table luxuries, graphic arts, fiber industries, clothing 

33 


34 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


industry, stone and earth industries, building construc- 
tion, sanitary science, safety appliances, fire protection, 
and life saving methods.* These groups had, after 
frequent conferences, developed a comprehensive scheme 
as to scope and plan. Agreement had also been arrived 
at assuring the combination of the collections above 
described into a technical museum, and building plans 
had been made. The building was erected in the years 
1909 to 1913. ‘The collections were installed between 
1913 and 1917, and the opening of the museum occurred 
in May, 1918. 

Both plan and construction of the building are note- 
worthy. They are in sharp contrast to the building of the 
Deutsches Museum in that the ground plan represents 
one large space including the entire building area and 
no closed exhibition rooms are involved in the structure 
of the building. ‘The plan divides into a central and 
two side halls, lighted by dome-shaped glazed roofs. 
Surrounding these bays are three stories of galleries 
lighted from the outside excepting only the inside portion 
of the first gallery about the central hall. The outer 
walls are constructed of brick with an ornamental facing. 
The roof and floors are reinforced concrete. ‘The sky- 
lights in the roofs cover an area of 2,100 square meters 
(22,470 sq. ft.). The floor area for the exhibition 
rooms is 15,570 square meters (167,000 sq. ft.), of 
which 2,570 square meters are contained in the floor 
area of the three main halls. The main passages in the 
exhibition rooms make a total of more than four kilo- 
meters in length (about two and a half miles). 

Great attention has been paid to the problem of 
natural lighting and in the design eventually developed 
sufficient daylight was secured throughout all points in 
the building. The museum is provided with a moderaté 
amount of artificial lighting but is not planned for 
evening display. 


* The complete organization of these groups is given in Appendix 4. 











| 


ame 
soot ah TNH 















































Plan of first floor. 


Technical Museum, Vienna. 





THE TECHNICAL MUSEUM—VIENNA 35 


The building cost about four million kronen ($840,- 
000) and the grounds have a value of about one million 
kronen ($210,000). From the above figures it is cal- 
culated that the capital value of one square meter of 
floor area in the exhibition rooms represents 322 kronen 
ba07.62').. 

The effect of the museum building is exceedingly 
agreeable to the visitor, giving him, during his stay 
upon the first floor, a constant impression of the sweep 
and extent of the collections. ‘The spaciousness of the 
large halls is highly impressive; the general scheme of 
arrangement is easily grasped; lines of travel are sim- 
ple; and all portions of the building are convenient of 
access. 

The structural elasticity of the building is an im- 
portant advantage. The absence of closed halls facili- 
tates future modifications and changes in the displays. 

Statutes governing the organization of the museum 
were issued by the Federal Ministry for Trade and 
Commerce on December 30, 1921. The purpose and 
arrangement of the museum were therein set forth as 
follows: 


A. The museum is to represent the development of 
industry, to promote technical progress, and to be a 
place of education for the entire people. This purpose 
is served by the following arrangement: 


1. The exhibit collections of the museum. 
2. A technical library and archives, together with a 
collection of photographs and films. 

3. Conducted tours and lectures. 

4. Scientific papers and publications of a technical 
kind. 

. Technical department exhibits. 

. Other measures and arrangements which are cal- 
culated to serve the purpose of the museum. 


NV 


36 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


The organization was indicated as follows: 


B. The Technical Museum is a Federal institution 
and is under the Federal Ministry for Trade and Com- 
merce. 

C. The museum management consists of a Kura- 
torium (Board of Managers), a Board of Directors, 
and a Director of the Museum. 

The Kuratorium consists of the president and thirty 
members who are named by the Federal Ministry for 
Trade and Commerce. 

The chief functions of the Kuratorium are to render 
opinions to the Federal Ministry regarding the organ- 
ization of the Technical Museum and its arrangement 
and the approval of the annual financial estimates of 
the museum. ‘They are summoned to meet when needed, 
but in any event at least once a year. 

The Board of Directors consists of the president, the 
three vice-presidents, and five members who are ap- 
pointed by the Federal Ministry for Trade and Com- 
merce on nomination by the Kuratorium from among 
its members. The Board of Directors submits pro- 
posals to the Kuratorium regarding the operation of 
the museum and its arrangement, and may make sug- 
gestions to the Kuratorium concerning matters which 
fall within the sphere of activity of the latter body. 

The Board of Directors reports to the Federal Min- 
istry in regard to museum matters so far as they are 
not reserved to the Kuratorium, especially in regard 
to proposals relating to the staff. Under the super- 
vision of the Federal Ministry they conduct the business 
of the museum in its administrative and financial aspects 
and supervise the business administration of the 
director. 

The Federal Ministry for Trade and Commerce ap- 
points an expert of technical qualifications as director 
of the museum, on nomination of the Kuratorium. The 





Vestibule. 


Technical Museum, Vienna. 


THE TECHNICAL MUSEUM—VIENNA 37 


director, who has charge of the immediate management 
of the museum, is provided by the Ministry with a 
suitably qualified staff; he attends to the current tasks 
of administration and, subject to the supervision of the 
Board of Directors, directs the operation of the 
museum. * 

There is also a large body of technical advisors called 
a Fachkonsulenten who select objects for the museum 
collections and prepare for their acquirement either as 
gifts, loans, or by purchase. The instructions issued to 
‘ this body emphasize the necessity of selecting only typi- 
cal and significant material. The library is relied upon 
to furnish documentary records that will fill out the 
history of technology, beyond the scope of the collections. 

The total staff of the museum formerly numbered 107, 
but by 1923, because of economic stringency, had been 
reduced to 37. Among these were included the director, 
three departmental engineers, three draftsmen, one super- 
intendent of buildings, one assistant superintendent of 
buildings, one accountant dealing with museum contracts, 
two clerks, two keepers, one night keeper, five cleaning 
women, twelve workmen and guards. The normal staff 
includes heads for each of the following departments: 
mechanics, electricity, building, hydraulics, mining, 
chemical industries, science, and transportation. 

The arrangement of the material in the Technical 
Museum is extremely effective. As in the Munich mu- 
seum, every effort has been made to bring out the im- 
portant factors entering into the industrial life of to- 
day; and, as at Munich, the historic evolution of processes 
and machines has been largely relied upon to develop 
this comprehension. 

Vivification of the displays of the museum has been a 
dominant aim. Thus through carefully developed 
methods of presentation it is believed that even a lay- 
man may be enabled to grasp the construction, the mode 

* The Statutes are given in full in Appendix 5. 


38 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


of operation, and the purpose of technical apparatus. 
Much importance is attached to actuation of the models. 
Reference to this method is made at some length in the 
directions to the technical advisors as follows: 

“The interest which, as has been discovered by ex- 
perience, proceeds from observation of processes, must 
have great attention paid to it from the point of view 
of museum technique. The presentation of actuated 
mechanical machines and models must therefore be 
striven toward with all possible emphasis as the edu- 
cator’s most effective means. The actuation of smaller 
pieces of apparatus is best effected by means of manual 
operation. For power operation of larger objects there 
is available in the museum building electric current, 
namely direct current of 220 and 440 volts as well as 
alternating current of 220 volts and 48 cycles and also 
illuminating gas and water under pressure.” 

“The wiring system was installed in the museum 
building in such a way that the possibility of connection 
for objects capable of operation is afforded at every 
point of the collection rooms. Abundant provision has 
also been made for the electric illumination of panoramas, 
transparencies, microscopes, and similar arrangements.”’ 

Special stress has also been laid upon the explanation 
of objects difficult to understand by means of sectional 
drawings and legends which, omitting all secondary 
matter, bring out prominently the essential features of 
the objects. In these drawings structural materials are 
indicated by identical colors. Inscriptions and legends 
are made extremely concise and care is taken to make 
them distinctly legible. For this purpose a simplified, 
clear script in block character with good rhythmic quali- 
ties is employed. 

In the vestibule is displayed a plan of the building 
upon which is indicated the distribution of the collec- 
tions. At one side of the vestibule is a pictorial chart 


‘Tey einjoayT ‘euuarA ‘winasnyy [eoruyIaT, 








?. :' . 


THE TECHNICAL MUSEUM—VIENNA 39 


in water colors setting forth the development of water 
transportation, bridges, buildings, and arms in the primi- 
tive, medieval, and modern stages. Along with this, 
in sloping cases, are shown synoptic displays of grinding, 
cutting and boring tools, and knives and files in these 
three stages. 

On the other side is a similar pictorial chart indicating 
the application of energy as represented in these three 
eras in regard to pumps, saws, hammers, and prime 
movers. Accompanying this are synoptic displays illus- 
trating fire-making, drilling tools, hammers, axes, pierc- 
ing tools, and saws. 

In the central hall are displayed historic prime movers, 
often accompanied by models. These include a very early 
original wooden turbine wheel from the Balkans and a 
model of an Egyptian windmill. Many of the models 
are operated by hand and others by compressed air. ‘The 
prime movers culminate in a Diesel engine of 80 h.p. 
operated by an electric motor. The development of 
bicycles, road vehicles and automobiles is also exhibited 
in this hall. The action of typical automobile engines, 
sectioned both as regards cylinders and valves, may be 
studied. 

In the wide hall at the left is the railroad museum 
showing the development of Austrian railroads by actual 
examples of locomotives, railway carriages, signal sys- 
tems, and other railroad apparatus from the period of 
1840 up to our own day. 

At the end are placed working models of early electric 
tramways, together with modern examples. In this space 
are also found some examples of historic machine tools. 
In the basement at this end of the building are types 
of early rails and road beds. Models, drawings, photo- 
graphs and diagrams are shown illustrating tunneling 
and drilling. Excellent scenic panoramas of Austrian 
Alpine railroads are also here displayed. 


40 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


The front aisles contain models of railroad bridges 
and stations as well as relief models of the Alpine regions 
crossed by the Austrian railways. The original drawings 
of the screw propeller by the Austrian claimant for 
the invention of this device, Joseph Ressel, are exhibited 
here. ‘This section also contains models of marine en- 
gines arranged to be actuated, and models of docks. In 
the front aisle to the right are models of warships and 
torpedoes, among which is a sectioned Whitehead tor- 
pedo. Here, too, one may inspect models of steamships 
and one most remarkable sectioned model about 15 feet 
long of the former Austrian warship “Viribus Unitis.” 
This model required the work of several men for a 
period of three years. 

Further on is found a section on metal working which 
includes a very fine historic collection of locks and keys 
presented by the Locksmith Guild; beyond, the beginning 
of a section on mining and smelting which includes a re- 
production of a country smithy including water wheel 
and helve hammer. In this corner of the building a 
large wall painting portrays the prehistoric flora from 
which coal has been made. Directly below are stairs lead- 
ing to the basement where a coal mine with shafts and 
galleries and figures and apparatus illustrate the processes 
of coal mining, in much the same way as in the Deutsches 
Museum. 

Returning to the first floor, we find the division of 
agriculture in which small and full-sized models of agri- 
cultural implements are shown, arranged, wherever 
possible, so as to be capable of operation. Complete 
reproductions of an old brewery and corn mill are here 
installed. 

A model of a cable mountain conveyor is exhibited 
and, close at hand, a model of a lumber mill with 
seven saws and an engine that can be set in motion. 
A full-sized example of the latest type of gang saw for 


‘T]@H AeMiIey ‘euusTA ‘uInasnyy [eoTUYyIaT, 








THE TECHNICAL MUSEUM—VIENNA 41 


a lumber mill is arranged to operate in actual cutting 
of logs. 

In the domed hall on the right, the smelting and work- 
ing of metals are illustrated. Here an old Styrian 
refinery has been installed with original water wheel and 
helve hammer. 

In the same section is to be found a full-sized Bessemer 
converter with the lower part sectioned and sealed with 
glass. The lower portion contains water and a very 
realistic impression of the operation and changes in the 
action of the converter is obtained when air is forced 
through the inlets and the changing temperature colors 
are reproduced automatically by electric light manipula- 
tion. There is also a sectioned model of a blast furnace 
in which the operation is illustrated in the same fashion 
as in the case of the Bessemer converter. 

The story of iron working begins with an old forge 
for making scythes which has been rebuilt in the museum. 
Models of rolling mills, helve hammers, and the great 
hammers of Krupp are shown with operating attachments. 

Another section of this hall is devoted to electric tech- 
nology in which examples of dynamos, motors, accumu- 
lators and electric lighting apparatus are displayed. Gas 
technique also has a space, in which the evolution of 
lighting apparatus and the use of gas in homes and in 
industries is set forth. 

A fine lecture room on the second floor equipped with 
a demonstration table with appurtenances for physical 
and technical demonstrations as well as with projec- 
tion apparatus for still and motion pictures accommo- 
dates an audience of three hundred. 

The gallery floors afford admirable opportunities for 
well-lighted alcoves which, though varying in size, are 
usually about 15 x 12 feet in dimension. 

On this floor is the section called ‘The Scientific 
Foundations of Technology.” ‘This contains first of all 
a collection of a historic physical apparatus which is fol- 


42 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


lowed by apparatus to illustrate physical laws. Many 
of the demonstrations can be operated by visitors. The 
booklet, however, advises those who are interested to 
apply to the keeper, who will make the demonstration. 
There are many diagrams presenting electrical and 
electro-chemical phenomena. One room contains a 
Roentgen-ray apparatus and a room with Geissler tubes; 
further on are chemical laboratory tables available for 
demonstrations. At the end is a reproduction of an 
alchemist’s room of the middle ages. 

The chemical industries are well represented by models, 
diagrams and descriptive posters. 

In the section devoted to food production a very large 
model of a sugar mill shows the machinery in opera- 
tion. The processes of brewing are embodied in an 
elaborate model. In connection with the former an old 
stone brewery from Carinthia, operated until the be- 
ginning of the present century, is used to show the very 
ancient method of brewing “‘stone beer.” An old grind- 
ing mill from a Benedictine abbey in Styria built in the 
late eighteenth century is found close by. 

Paper making is depicted, first by means of a model 
of an old paper mill, and then by a very complete model 
of a modern paper mill about 16 feet long constructed 
to one-tenth scale. The various uses of paper are also 
indicated. 

The exhibits devoted to printing and the reproductive 
processes are very extensive. ‘Typical examples of print- 
ing and color processes are shown in the windows as 
transparencies. 

The textile industries are presented in their historic 
development. ‘The hand spinning wheel is shown in 
its evolution into the full-sized operating mule spinning 
machine and the hand loom as the germ of the modern 
machine loom. 

Shoe making, the making of costumes, and the produc- 
tion of hats, are also illustrated. In this latter section 


‘jeod Surjno1apun i9uIuI Jo 3InSr *puudrA ‘uImasn Boruyoea 
I I Pp I I I W [P9ray99 7 





fi 


ca 


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NS 


Pr 





THE TECHNICAL MUSEUM—VIENNA 43 


is a very attractive reproduction of an old Viennese hat 
maker’s shop of the beginning of the nineteenth century. 

In this gallery are models and diagrams of building 
construction, hydraulic works, and canal construction. 
Water supply and sewage is also represented here. The 
display contains a section of a modern city street showing. 
all the various underground conduits devoted to water 
supply, sewage, gas and electric supply. The cement 
industry, ceramics, and glass also have a place here as 
well as weights and measures. In this last connection 
is shown the uniform standard weights and measures in- 
troduced in the Austrian monarchy in the year 1756 dur- 
ing the reign of Maria Theresa. 

In the upper part of the central domed hall and in the 
adjoining gallery full-sized examples and models show 
the development of aeronautics. 

The second range of galleries includes displays illus- 
trating water supply and conservation, organization of 
technical plants, industrial hygiene, fire protection and 
life saving, theater and music technique, postal museums, 
surveying, and bridge building. 

The third range of galleries is devoted to the executive 
offices, working laboratories, studio, and workshops. In 
the studios displays are arranged and developed in con- 
sultation with the technical advisors. In the laboratory, 
experimental projects in natural science and technology 
are prepared and tested. The workshops include plaster 
casting facilities, a joinery shop, and a book bindery. 

The cases used in the Technical Museum deserve spe- 
cial notice. They are built of a skeleton frame of metal 
with panels filled with a composition of asbestos and 
cement called ‘“‘eternite.” This construction has proven 
cheaper than wood and is fire-proof. 

The attendance at the museum has of course been 
greatly prejudiced by the severe economic conditions 
prevailing in Vienna since the war. It has, however, 
amounted to over 2,500 visitors per week. 


A4 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


Every child from 8 to 14 years of age in the public 
schools must visit the museum once a year under the 
regulations of the school authorities. Wednesday is 
set aside as their special day. 

Lectures are given every Sunday in the lecture room 
on the history of technical developments. Motion pic- 
tures are made frequent use of to illustrate technical 
and industrial processes. Such presentations at times 
precede conducted tours to special departments of the 
museum. Once a month a lecture is devoted to new 
inventions. 

A hall is provided in the building for temporary tech- 
nical exhibitions. It is the hope that later on this hall 
will be replaced by a special exhibition building. 

The support of the museum is derived from the Aus- 
trian Government and from the city of Vienna. The 
receipts for 1923 were 708,000,000 kronen ($1,114.30) 
when the kronen were reckoned at 70,000 to the dollar. 
This amount included 10,000,000 from the city of Vienna 
and also 120,000,000 kronen from entrance fees which, 
under the regulations, it was necessary to turn back 
to the government. ‘These figures are of course not in- 
dicative of the real cost of operating the museum. They 
are given only to suggest the remarkable conditions under 
which the Technical Museum and other museums in 
Austria have been obliged to maintain their existence 


since the World War. 


If we consider this museum from the standpoint of 
an educational institution, it is difficult to criticize. The 
building itself possesses many admirable features. The 
collections have been developed with the greatest care 
to secure such examples as will best illustrate significant 
steps in the progress of industry. ‘The principle of se- 
lection has prevailed throughout and the danger of too 
great quantity or complexity has been avoided. On the 
other hand the art of display has been most carefully 





Technical Museum, Vienna. Model of Bessemer converter. 





i 





THE TECHNICAL MUSEUM—VIENNA 45 


studied and the utmost effectiveness in exposition has 
been attained. The staff activities of the museum as 


regards lectures and guides have been admirably organ- 
ized. 


CHAPTER VI 
INDUSTRIAL MUSEUMS IN THE UNITED STATES 


SINCE the beginnings of human existence, time and 
space have set bounds to man’s attainments. At first 
with only his slow-moving brain and feeble muscles, the 
world was that within reach of his arms and his legs. 
The Greeks recognized these limitations. In their myths 
the gods abolished time and space. Man has struggled 
unceasingly towards these gods of his imagination that 
he, too, might wield thunder bolts and accomplish 
miracles. 

When the first bow was bent, the conquest of space 
began. When man harnessed the horse or bullock to 
draw his burdens, he began his age-long effort to utilize 
other forces to supplement his own. When the first sail 
was set the world expanded a hundred-fold. 

But progress was slow. Up to the last century man 
had little but his own puny strength with which to rend 
ore from the earth, to erect his buildings, and to shape 
stubborn materials into tools and weapons. During this 
period his achievements were mainly in the way of de- 
vices to assist in the performance of his various tasks. 
Such were the potter’s wheel, the high and the low spin- 
ning wheels, the hand loom, the printing press, and 
mechanical powers like the block and pulley, and the 
wheel and axle. | 

When he evolved the steam engine, he became a Titan. 
From that day he has been able to exert the strength of 
a thousand men to tear into the heart of the earth, to 
shape and rear great structures of steel, and to draw 
armies across a continent. He set this new strength to 

46 


INDUSTRIAL MUSEUMS IN UNITED STATES 47 


drive his array of devices and primitive tools, some 
simply with greater power, others in multiple and at 
greater speed. Where once all the women in the world 
save a favored few must needs spin and spin to feed the 
greedy looms, now a small fraction with the power spin- 
ning frame furnish all the thread required for the still 
more greedy power looms. 

Then man found a new force—electricity—that travels 
with the speed of light; through its aid his dream has 
well-nigh been realized. He has almost conquered time 
and space. 

He has now learned that added power must come either 
from new agencies or through the better utilization of 
the old; hence on the one hand, he pries into nature’s 
secrets to find new forms of energy which may be har- 
nessed into service, and on the other, he devises and 
invents means of improving the old methods better to 
serve his ends. 

The history of industrial progress is the history of 
the successes that have been won in the ceaseless strug- 
gle to conquer time and space. It is at the same time 
the history of the achievements by means of which human 
energy, at first consumed entirely by the struggle for 
mere existence, has been increasingly liberated for other 
less material aims. Upon these achievements rest not 
only the physical comforts and facilities that we enjoy 
today but in a large sense our spiritual well-being and 
intellectual development. 

The story is one of great cultural significance. It is a 
record of the victories that human intelligence has won 
in harnessing material forces to the service of society. 
Unless the elements of this history are made a part of 
our common culture, the individual can hardly obtain 
any true understanding of the social order in which he 
lives or comprehend even in a limited way the phenomena 
by which he is surrounded. Furthermore, unless the 
great mass of our people have some knowledge of the 


48 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


inventions and methods upon which our industrial order 
is based, we will lack the maximum stimulation toward 
further conquests in this field. 

We are today one of the foremost indasenile countries 
of the world. Can we afford to omit from our educa- 
tional program the story of what has made us? We have 
developed a high type of industrial organization and as a 
people we are the first to utilize the fruits of new inven- 
tions. Shall we leave other nations to grow wise through 
the study of our achievements and ourselves neglect their 
meaning and their inspiration? 

To tell the story adequately we need the industrial 
museum. 

With its great area and numbers of people, the United 
States requires several such museums in different large 
centers of population. Great cities like New York and 
Chicago with varied industries and extensive merchan- 
dising interests call for museums of a comprehensive 
type. Cities like Pittsburgh and Detroit of more spe- 
cialized industrial character might well develop museums 
that would first of all reflect the particular industries 
characteristic of these cities. 

The main fields which might naturally receive first 
emphasis in an American industrial museum of the com- 
prehensive type would seem to be railway and road 
transportation, iron and steel production, steam and 
oil engine design, electric inventions, the development of 
machine tools, various lines of manufacture illustrating 
quantity production and the use of specialized machines, 
and agricultural machinery. 

Among the departments that would naturally find 
representation in such a museum would be the following: 


I. Agriculture 


1. Agricultural implements and machinery. 
2. Methods of lumbering, saw mills, wood working 
machinery, forestry conservation. 


‘quisua jouvjd pure uns ysiy sHMeAA ‘“WNasnyy a9uUaTIg 








PWD 


- WN 


— 


INDUSTRIAL MUSEUMS IN UNITED STATES 49 


II. Mining and Smelting 


. Methods of coal and metal mining. 
. Production of iron and steel. 
. Production of petroleum; methods of refining. 


Ill. Jron and Metal Working 


. Casting of iron and other metals. 

. Forging, pressing, rolling and drawing. 
. Machine tools. 

. Stamping, spinning and enameling. 


IV. Prime Movers and Machines 


. Wind, water, steam, gas, and oil prime movers. 
. Pumps, compressors, and refrigerating machines. 
. Lifting and transporting equipment. 


V. Electro Technology 


. Sources of current. Action and measurement of cur: 


rent. 


. Generation and distribution of current. 
. Electric lighting and heating. 
. Electric motors. 


VI. Transportation and Communication 


. Postal, telegraph and telephone systems. 
. Railways and road vehicles. 

. Marine transportation. 

. Aeronautics. 


VII. Chemical Industries 


. Inorganic. 


2. Organic. 


VIII. Agricultural Industries 


1. Sugar manufacture. 


. Flour milling and baking. 
. Tobacco industry. 


50 


Wm AWN & 


mB WN 


THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 
IX. Fiber Industries 


. Braiding and knitting. 

. Spinning, weaving. 

. Dyeing and printing. 

. Leather industry; shoe manufacturing. 
. Paper industry; wall papers. 


X. Stone and Earth Industries 


. Manufacture of cement. 
. Ceramics. 
. Glass industry. 


XI. Building Construction 


. Construction methods; heating and _ ventilation; 


lighting. 


. Municipal service: water supply, sewage disposal, 


gas and electric systems. 


. City and district planning. 


XII. Graphic Arts 


. Writing and printing. 
. Type casting and type setting machines. 

. Printing processes. 

. Photography and cinematography. 

. Photo mechanical reproductive processes. 


XIII. Safety and Sanitation 


1. Protective methods applicable in industry and mining. 


. Fire protection. 
. Industrial hygiene. 


In the matter of a building for such a museum, a study 


of the European museums indicates many important 
merits in the building of the Technical Museum of 
Vienna. The agreeable quality of the open vistas, the 
admirable lighting, the elasticity of arrangement con- 





Science Museum. Reproduction of Stephenson’s Rocket. 





ra 


INDUSTRIAL MUSEUMS IN UNITED STATES 51 


sequent on the absence of fixed internal structural walls 
are all advantages of great importance. ‘The cost of 
duplicating in New York City a building similar to that 
of the Technical Museum of Vienna, exclusive of the 
heating plant, is estimated at approximately $4,500,000. 

The administration of such a museum would prob- 
ably be most effectively accomplished by following the 
usual American museum practice, namely, that of a lay 
board of trustees which is responsible for financial and 
general policies to be carried out by a professional staff 
appointed by the board. From the economic and social 
standpoints, it is highly desirable that such museums be 
recognized as semi-public undertakings, that they be lo- 
cated upon public land and housed in buildings erected 
by municipalities which contribute toward the expense of 
maintenance. 

An industrial museum, however, needs a multitude of 
contacts with science, industry and engineering. ‘To se- 
cure these it would seem wise to follow the plan of the 
German and Austrian museums, by associating with the 
administration of the museum a large body of experts 
in the various fields represented by its collections. ‘This 
could be accomplished by the formation of a body con- 
sisting either of recognized leaders in the various tech- 
nical and scientific fields or of representatives named 
by the various scientific, engineering and technical asso- 
ciations of the country. 

A thoroughly competent professional staff must head 
the various divisions or sections of the museum. The 
full plan of the Deutsches Museum calls for five heads 
of technical and scientific departments and a number of 
assistant engineers or technicians. The complete scheme 
of organization of the Technical Museum in Vienna re- 
quires seven technical department heads. ‘The nature 
of the collections and their educational presentation must 
depend largely upon the quality of the staff. For an 
American museum of the scope indicated above, it would 


52 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


probably be necessary to provide a staff organization 
of department heads or assistant section chiefs as fol- 
lows: | 


1. Agricultural machinery, forestry, and wood work- 
ing machinery. 

2. Mining and smelting. 

3. Metal working and tooling, prime movers and 
machine construction. 

4. Electrical engineering. 

5. Transportation and communication. 

6. Chemical industries. 

7. Fiber industries. 

8. Stone and earth industries. 

g. Building construction and municipal supply. 

o. Graphic arts. 


It would undoubtedly be possible to group these divi- 
sions so that only five, six, or seven department heads 
would be required who, in certain cases, might be as- 
sisted by section chiefs. 

In the matter of displays, the danger of over-weight 
should be kept in mind from the outset; no collection 
should aim to comprehend all elements in its field. Such 
an attempt would defeat its own ends. A collection even 
approaching completeness would be at once too large to 
allow of study by the layman, too great in mass of ma- 
terial to allow the assimilation of the comparatively few 
significant ideas which can be absorbed, and at the same 
time too expensive to house and maintain. The only 
way in which a museum can be prevented from becom- 
ing an unwieldy storehouse of steadily accumulating ma- 
terial is by constant emphasis from the beginning on the 
educational aim as controlling both the amount and 
nature of its collections and their display. Moreover, 
the educational purpose must be in mind not only in 
planning, but in developing the museum. Constant 


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INDUSTRIAL MUSEUMS IN UNITED STATES 53 


modifications, constant elimination, constant substitution, 
working in the direction of ever-increasing educational 
eficiency, are the only means by which a museum can 
ensure live, active service to its community in the educa- 
tion of both young persons and adults,—the only way 
in which it can avoid becoming either static or over- 
weighted. 

To the author it seems that the Deutsches Museum ts 
in some danger on this score. It is so large that even 
superficial inspection of its contents requires six or eight 
extended visits. Furthermore, some of its departmental 
collections are becoming too highly complex and special- 
ized for the appreciation of the layman. In some groups 
the amount of material of a closely related character is 
out of proportion to the ideas represented or at least to 
the ideas capable of being grasped by the average visitor. 
It would appear as if the highly specialized staff working 
with intense enthusiasm over a period of years has ap- 
proached the danger line in accumulating material. In 
other words they have reached the point where the sig- 
nificant is in danger of being overwhelmed by quantity 
and complexity and the psychology of the visitor with his 
limited powers of observation and absorption lost 
sight of. 

In these respects the policies of the Vienna museum 
merit close attention. ‘There the greatest care has been 
taken in selecting only material of the highest significance, 
in rigidly holding down the collections to the objects 
that tell an important story, and in eliminating all 
others. 

A museum should be provided with a lecture room 
seating about 300 equipped with demonstration tables 
and apparatus for the projection of still and motion 
pictures. For its educational work a comprehensive sup- 
ply of industrial films will be needed. It should seek 
throughout the world for examples of basic primitive in- 
dustries in order that motion picture records may be 


54 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM 


obtained before these craft processes have entirely 
vanished. 

A well developed workshop will be required, the main 
function of which would be the construction of models 
for the collections. One of the very practical benefits 
that might be realized from the establishment of the 
first industrial museum in America would be the economi- 
cal production of duplicate models for later museums. 

It is difficult to estimate the expense of maintaining 
in our country a museum of the kind described in any ac- 
curate fashion because of the lack of precedents. Some 
approximate estimates may, however, be made. If we 
assume a building of the size of the Technical Museum 
in Vienna, that is, with an exhibition space of 166,600 
square feet, and collections and activities similar in ex- 
tent to that institution, there would be needed for the 
maintenance of such a museum when fully developed a 
budget of at least $500,000 a year. Of such an amount 
$300,000 would probably be required for salaries and 
wages, and the remaining $200,000 for materials and 
supplies, fuel, light and power, printing and publications, 
workshops, and miscellaneous purposes. 

It would probably require something like five years 
after a building and funds became available to develop 
an industrial museum of the scope above described. 
During this period of growth an increasing budget, start- 
ing perhaps at $100,000 a year and advancing by steps 
to the above amount by the close of the fifth year, would 
probably be sufficient to insure normal development. If 
the museum were recognized as a public institution by 
the municipality in which it is established and received 
from the latter assistance toward its maintenance, the 
burden upon endowment or other sources of income 
would of course be lessened. 

Could such a museum be once established on a basis 
that would enlist public confidence, it is certain that wide 
cooperation from manufacturers and corporations would 


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INDUSTRIAL MUSEUMS IN UNITED STATES 55 


readily be obtained. In all probability its problem would 
not be that of obtaining material, but rather that of se- 
lecting material most appropriate to its purposes. The 
attitude of industry and transportation toward the mu- 
seum idea is already clearly indicated by numerous special 
collections that have been organized. Notable among 
these is the Industrial Museum of the American Steel 
and Wire Company at Worcester, Mass., the museum 
of the Bethlehem Steel Company and the Bethlehem Ship 
Building Corporation, and the exhibits of the New York 
Central Railroad and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 
These collections indicate an interest that is rapidly 
growing and suggest in part the extent of cooperation 
that an American industrial museum could count upon 
from the industrial interest of the country. 








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APPENDIX 1a 
THE MUSEUM OF OCEANOGRAPHY—BERLIN 
(Museum fiir Meereskunde) 


The Museum of Oceanography in Berlin is a remarkably inter- 
esting and well developed institution. The museum is a department 
of the University of Berlin but is intended to serve for the general 
education of the people as well as for specific instruction. The 
museum collections aim to stimulate and disseminate “By means of 
its collections, in the widest circles of our people, an appreciation and 
understanding of the ocean and its phenomena, the means of inves- 
tigation, the wealth of its life and its economic value, as well as of 
the economic and national significance of navigation, shipping, and 
sea power.” 

Because of this broad aim, the collections set forth both the 
scientific aspects of the ocean and practical phases of the trades and 
industries that center thereon. In the words of the printed guide 
“it therefore illustrates by means of an oceanological collection the 
size, the chemical and physical conditions, as well as the movements 
of the ocean; it shelters in an instrument collection the instruments 
that serve for marine research and for shipping; it presents in a 
biological collection the life of the ocean, and shows in a fisheries 
group how the treasures of the sea are obtained and how particularly 
the sea animals are rendered serviceable. A historico-economic col- 
lection is devoted to shipbuilding, navigation, shipping, the harbor 
system and the rescue system. To these three divisions there is 
added, as a component part of the museum, the national navy col- 
lection which is devoted to the history and development of the 
German Navy.” 

The exhibits are accompanied by detailed labels presenting descrip- 
tive matter. In each room there is a tablet giving a brief indication 
of the contents of the room. 

Three rooms contain finely constructed and effectively displayed 
models of German warships beginning with the wooden vessels that 
formed the early types of the German navy. ‘These are in many 
cases about six feet long and a case is devoted to each model. Other 
rooms contain models of ships of the merchant marine including a 

59 


60 APPENDIX 


sectional model of the Deutschland about 30 feet long with engines, 
steering gear, and other apparatus arranged to operate electrically 
by the attendant. Many of the models are arranged in this manner. 

There are many models showing details of ship construction, both 
wood and iron, and a room devoted to naval artillery, torpedoes and 
mines. Other rooms contain models of engines, marine boilers, steer- 
ing gear, windlasses, control devices and signalling apparatus. 

The apparatus and methods employed by: the life-saving service are 
extremely well illustrated. The room containing models of fishing 
and off-shore boats is particularly interesting. Models from 15 to 
30 inches long depict the types of boat employed on every section of 
the European coast. Yachts are also given considerable space. 
Methods of laying up and repairing of ships on beaches are shown 
by scenic groups. 

Another room is devoted to the fisheries. Well developed case 
displays show the different methods in which nets and trawls are 
operated in the North Sea fisheries. 

Docks and loading machinery and the function of buoys and light- 
houses are represented and deep sea dredging is illustrated. One 
room is devoted to a collection of nautical instruments. 

The scientific side of oceanography is presented in its physical, 
chemical and biological aspects. Well developed habitat groups show 
fish and marine plant life. Color transparencies of marine plant and 
animal life are much used in the windows. 

Other rooms contain products of the sea which possess commer- 
cial value either as food or through manufacture. 

As a whole the art of display has been most carefully considered 
throughout the museum. The examples selected are always signifi- 
cant and well placed. Much attention has been paid to developing 
an appropriate atmosphere through large paintings on the walls 
and by the grouping of material. 

Frequent public lectures by specialists have been given in past 
years at the museum intended to develop a popular understanding 
of oceanography and to awaken an interest in the national and 
economic importance of the sea interests of the German people. 
These lectures have been printed, supplied with illustrations, maps, 
and sketches and made available at a very low price. 


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APPENDIX 61 


APPENDIX 1) 


MARINE MUSEUMS 


Outside of the maritime collection in the Rijks Museum in Am- 
sterdam and the collections of like character in museums already 
referred to, there exist in different cities of Europe several distinc- 
tive marine museums. Among these there are the Musée de Marine 
at the Louvre in Paris, two marine museums in Rotterdam, and 
one in Amsterdam. 


NATIONAL TECHNICAL AND NavuticaL MusztEuM—RotTrTrerDAM 


The marine museums are all of a historical character with the ex- 
ception of the National Technical and Nautical Museum in Rotter- 
dam (Nationaal Technisch Scheepvaartkundig Museum). ‘This 
museum, which was founded in 1916 and is maintained by the Dutch 
shipping interests, serves as a bureau of information upon shipping 
affairs and also as an educational institution for the instruction of 
young men in the merchant marine. Its collections are devoted to 
models, drawings, and specimens illustrating ship construction and 
operation and marine methods designed principally for the information 
of those engaged in shipping. Of equal importance for the purposes 
of the institution is its library and reading room containing works on 
navigation, ship construction and operation, and maritime periodicals 
of all countries. 

The staff of the museum endeavors to give assistance in regard 
to all inquiries related to the merchant marine. The museum gives 
the names of firms or individuals that are in position to supply the 
necessary information, but does not itself give technical advice. ‘This 
service covers the fields of ship construction, engine practice, naviga- 
tion, and meteorology. In the latter field the museum gives both 
lectures and advice. 

In its collections the museum endeavors to show the latest details 
of ship construction for the information of builders and operators. 
These collections include many details of marine engine apparatus 
given by the makers comprising a model of a vertical six cylinder 
modern marine engine electrically actuated, a model of a Parson’s 
turbine, and other examples of engines and of marine boilers. There 
are a number of ship models, one showing a cross section and one 
a longitudinal section about 12 feet long. Instruments for naviga- 
tion and bridge apparatus are comprehensively illustrated. A wire- 
less room and a chart room are reproduced in full size. Methods for 


62 APPENDIX 


the handling of cargo, particularly as to the loading of grain and 
coal, are shown in much detail. The different methods of deep sea 
fishing are shown in a very effective fashion by models. 

The museum provides lectures for workers on the ships, general 
lectures for the public, and some technical lectures for shipping 
people. 

In 1923 there were about 20,000 visitors to the museum. Including 
those using the library the number was 31,255. The budget for 1923 
was 55,000 gulden. ($22,550.) 


MusEE DE Marine, LouvRE 


First among the historical museums is the Musée de Marine in 
the Louvre at Paris which was officially created by a royal ordinance 
of December 27, 1827. Various efforts to develop naval collections 
had been made in France in much earlier times. A French naval 
museum was installed in the Louvre with the approval of the Min- 
ister of Marine in 1752, and placed under the authority of the Aca- 
demy of Sciences. Later on, under the Directory, the authorities 
determined that the “paintings, drawings, engravings, models, charts, 
and other objects relating to the navy which are to be found in the 
national depots and conservatoires, shall be reunited in one place to 
serve for the advancement of nautical science.” ‘This attempt re- 
sulted in the development of a naval collection in the grand gallery 
of the Garde-meuble in 1801. Both of these collections, however, 
seem to have been dispersed in later years. 

For a number of years during the last century the budget of the 
Minister of Marine included an item providing for the construction 
of models for the museum in various government naval establish- 
ments. Due to this provision, many fine models, executed to a uni- 
form scale of one-fortieth, were constructed in different French naval 
arsenals between 1830 and 1848 and sent to the museum. A work- 
shop, established in the Louvre itself, produced some beautiful models 
of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. 

The collection has been added to by purchases and gifts and today 
includes many attractive and interesting models of early ships of 
the French navy. The museum also contains many paintings, draw- 
ings and engravings of historic interest, prominent among which are 
the series illustrating the Ports of France by Joseph Vernet. 

The main divisions of the collections are as follows: harbors 
and arsenals, naval construction, naval armament, navigation, ships 
of war, merchant marine, objects of art relating to naval history 
including paintings, busts, and ornaments. 

The collection, as a whole, is not arranged in a particularly attrac- 


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APPENDIX 63 


tive manner or in a way calculated to develop a pronounced educa- 
tional effect. In a number of cases the material exposed in wall 
cases is much too crowded and the lower portions are almost impos- 
sible to inspect. Some of the rooms have very poor light. There is 
no exposition of the industries or activities of the sea, no material 
relating to sea trade, and very few exhibits showing ship construc- 
tion. The value of the museum rests almost wholly upon the his- 
toric and esthetic appeal of many fine models of French ships of war 
and off-shore boats of various countries which, unfortunately, are 
not always displayed to the best advantage as regards light and 
opportunities for observation. 


MarinE Museum, RoTTeRDAM 


Another historical marine collection is located in the Ethnographical 
and Marine Museum in Rotterdam (Museum voor Land-en Volken- 
kunde en Maritiem). ‘This museum is, to a large extent, an eth- 
nographical museum with collections gathered principally from the 
Dutch colonies. It includes, however, a marine section which con- 
tains beautiful models of early Dutch sailing craft and fishing ves- 
sels. There are also a number of models of Oriental sailing craft, 
models of modern Dutch steam vessels, and models of marine 
engines. 


NETHERLANDS HisToricAL NAuticAL Museum, AMSTERDAM 


The Netherlands Historical Nautical Museum (Nederlandisch 
Historisch Sheepvaart Museum) in Amsterdam was founded in 1916 
and is supported by private funds largely from shipping companies 
and individuals. ‘The direct incentive that led to the organization of 
the museum was, as in the case of the Nautical and Technical Mu- 
seum at Rotterdam, the Netherlands Nautical Exposition held in 
the year 1913 on the occasion of the centenary of Dutch independence. 
It was found at this time that much of the material in the historical 
section of the exposition was liable to go to England or America 
and an association was formed to keep this material in Holland. 

The museum is purely historical but it is thoroughly educative in 
the sense that it not only contains a collection of models and docu- 
ments of the highest value, but displays them in a manner that al- 
lows their significance to be readily comprehended and their zsthe- 
tic quality thoroughly enjoyed. 

The building, which was finished in 1922, is not large and consists 
of only two floors, each with a central hall and wide alcoves. There 
is abundance of light at all points and the arrangement is such as 


64 APPENDIX 


to give an impression of spaciousness and of freedom from crowding. 
In the halls and alcoves are models of historic Dutch ships ranging 
from picturesque examples of the fifteenth century to those of today. 
Each model stands alone in a glass case. 

At the sides of the alcoves are generally arranged counter cases 
containing elaborately printed old Dutch works on voyages, naviga- 
tion, and astronomy, and on the walls above are charming speci- 
mens of old charts, engravings of Dutch admirals and old Dutch 
marine paintings sometimes by great masters like Van der Velde 
the elder. 

The display as a whole is of the highest order, both from the tech- 
nical and artisti¢ standpoint. The discrimination and taste that 
have presided over the arrangements have resulted in one of the 
most attractive small museums in Europe, one that in point of esthe- 
tic appeal vies with that of any art museum. 

A library consisting of old and new works relating to the history of 
the sea is maintained by the museum. 

The museum publishes each year a volume of fine typographic 
appearance on some topic concerning the history of Dutch naval 
affairs. 


APPENDIX tc 


TRAFFIC MUSEUMS 


The Traffic Museum at Berlin is one of three traffic museums 
developed in Germany by the Imperial Railway Directory. These 
museums were originally intended for the instruction of railway 
employees in regard to methods and technique but of late years they 
have been conducted as public museums with the education of the 
public concerning railways as an important if not their chief aim. 


Museum AT BERLIN 


The museum in Berlin (Verkehrs-und Baumuseum), which was 
opened on December 14, 1906, is housed in the former Berlin-Ham- 
burg passenger station to which in 1911 and 1916 were added two side 
wings. The large central hall of the old passenger station is devoted 
to examples of full-sized locomotives and cars of various types as well 
as a large number of models in cases. In this hall are also a num- 
ber of full-sized car trucks showing air-brake systems in full detail. 

Behind the great hall and connected with it is a switch house or 





View of first floor. 


Marine Museum, Amsterdam. 





s® 


APPENDIX 65 


tower connected with a railway yard located in a court in which 
appurtenances, switches and signal installations are operated from 
the tower. 

Other rooms contain models of various types of bridges and turn 
tables, models of switches and signals, coal loading machinery, train 
dispatching and telegraph and telephone systems, tools used in rail- 
Way construction, printed matter and charts relating to railways. 

One of the long side wings is devoted to the Haarmann rail 
museum. ‘This collection presents in an exhaustive way the historic 
development of road bed and rails. Rails, fish plates, saddles, sleep- 
ers, and ballast are all shown by full-sized specimens in two tooms 
each approximating 200 feet in length. In the corresponding wing 
on the opposite side, models of canals, locks, dams, docks, bridges and 
relief. maps of harbors illustrate the field of water transportation. 

The models which figure in the collections in such large numbers 
were in part made in government or private shops from government 
funds and in part presented by private firms and represent con- 
structions in actual or in small scale. Some of the models of locomo- 
tives, brakes, and safety installations can be actuated by means of 
compressed air or electricity. 

The museum contains a very large collection of material much of 
which is very similar in character. The extent and repetitive nature 
of the collection are such as to induce fatigue in the lay visitor rather 
than to favor the assimilation of ideas. No attempt has been 
made to limit the displays to type and significant material but rather 
every effort has been put forth to make the collections comprehensive. 
The museum is in consequence not an effective institution for pub- 
lic education. For this purpose much of the full size material could 
be better shown by photographs, drawings or models and the entire 
display greatly condensed. The number of visitors at present is 
stated to be 125,000 a year. 


Museum At DreEsDEN 


The museum at Dresden has been only recently established. It 
represents a very interesting museum on a small scale developed very 
intelligently through effective use of drawings, charts, and models. 
The collections are at present located in several rooms in the Neu- 
stadt Bahnhof that are not very suitable for display purposes, but 
which have been made use of to the best advantage. 

In the entrance room are historic documents and drawings relat- 
ing to the first German railway opened in 1837 which ran between 
Dresden and Leipzig. 


66 APPENDIX 


The first exhibition hall contains excellent models of bridges with 
accompanying detail drawings. Each model is provided with a case 
and has been made in such a manner as to show the construction. 

The large room of the museum is devoted to various models, draw- 
ings, photographs, and constructive details. The development of 
rails and a road bed is shown by short sections and by wash draw- 
ings. A case about 4 feet long contains 24 nickel plated sections of 
rails and fish plates. This and other instances among the displays 
are models of condensation. A working section of a locomotive 
valve and a link motion is exhibited together with drawings of a loco- 
motive of which it forms a part. Specimens of locomotive parts 
broken in accidents resulting from lack of care on the part of opera- 
tives are exhibited in such manner as to bring out the cause of the 
accident. 

A small study room has been provided in which books and reports 
can be consulted. 

The museum is maintained by the Railroad Directory of the State 
of Saxony. 


Museum at NUREMBERG 


The Bavarian Trafic Museum was founded in Munich in 1885 
but in 1889 was transferred to Nuremberg. At first, as in the case of 
the Berlin museum, it was intended only for the instruction of rail- 
road employees, but now aims largely at the education of the public. 
A new building, which was begun in 1914 and finished in 1925, was 
planned largely with this end in view and now presents a fine example 
of a specialized museum building. The outer walls are built of 
brick with sand stone facing. ‘The floors are constructed of rein- 
forced concrete. "The museum building, which is connected by a 
bridge with the administration building of the Nuremberg Railroad 
Directory, consists of four wings about a central court that is 
developed in attractive architectural fashion. ‘The walls of the 
different rooms are treated in various colors, both for the sake of 
variety and for easy identification. 

The displays of the museum are marked by an entire absence of 
full-sized locomotives and coaches. Reliance has been laid solely 
upon finely constructed models together with drawings, diagrams, 
photographs and constructive details. The models of locomotives 
and coaches are constructed to one-tenth scale and are arranged 
in units of a locomotive and two coaches, each of which is displayed 
in a glass case about 12 feet long, 20 inches wide, and 24 inches 
high. One large room contains 32 of these cases. Other rooms con- 
tain displays showing the construction of bridges and the permanent 





ysadepng ‘wnasn| jeanjpNIIs Vy 





APPENDIX 67 


way, railroad buildings, electric railways, brakes and other examples 
of railway mechanism, and scenic panorama illustrating river trans- 
portation and railroad building. 

There is a complete model of a block signal system constructed at 
a scale of one to twenty. This and other models are actuated only 
by keepers or guardians, 

The museum devotes considerable space to the postal service, 
Models of post wagons, both of old and new types, are exhibited. 
Railway and postal telegraph instruments are shown and diagrams 
bring out the operation of both telegraph and telephone apparatus. 

A fire-proof room or vault is devoted to a very extensive and valu- 
able collection of stamps of all countries. 

A fine room about 30 feet by 50 feet is provided in the museum 
building for staff conferences of railway officials and another of the 
same size for festivals. 

There is a well arranged lecture room provided with motion pic- 
ture apparatus in which it is proposed to give public lectures with 
the hope that some revenue may be obtained from this source to 
assist in the upkeep of the museum. 

In the basement are rooms for holding the archives of the rail- 
way administration and workshops for model making. 

A refreshment room of attractive character has been incorporated 
in the building. ‘This room allows for expansion during the summer 
into a delightful outside loggia. 


APPENDIX 1d 


AGRICULTURAL MUSEUM—BUDAPEST 


The Agricultural Museum in Budapest, which was described 
in an admirable paper on agricultural museums by F. Lamson- 
Scribner presented at the meeting of the American Association of 
Museums May 26, 1921, was founded as a state museum in 1896. 
The museum was organized to conserve the extensive agricultural 
collections brought together at the time of the Hungarian Millennial 
Exposition. The three very picturesque buildings that were erected 
for the agricultural collections at that time were built in three dif- 
ferent styles typical of Hungarian architecture—Romanesque, 
Gothic, ard Renaissance. These buildings were first erected as tem- 
porary structures for the purpose of the exposition, but were after- 


68 APPENDIX 


wards rebuilt in permanent and substantial fashion at a cost of 
2,400,000 kronen (about $480,000) in 1903, and in 1907 were opened 
to the public. . 

The aim of the museum is to illustrate the development of Hun- 
garian agriculture on the one hand and to serve as a bureau of infor- 
mation upon agricultural matters on the other. ‘The scope of the 
collections is extremely comprehensive, embracing the entire field 
of agriculture, horticulture, forestry, animal husbandry, fish culture, 
game, and agricultural industries. 

In the agricultural section the culture of cereals, vegetables, and 
tobacco is illustrated by specimens showing the result of proper and 
improper methods. One entire room is devoted to wheat culture. 
Chemical analyses of the various qualities of wheat collected from 
the 53 counties of Hungary are displayed together with samples of 
the upper and lower strata of the soil in which the respective qualities 
of wheat are grown. In this room is also a collection of prehistoric 
seeds dating from the stone and bronze ages. 

The work of the agricultural schools is fully illustrated by models, 
photographs, and records. In this section is an extensive collection of 
models of Hungarian farm buildings which illustrate the older types 
as well as the new. 

The relation of insect life to agriculture receives detailed exposi-— 
tion in which the functions of harmful and helpful insects are clearly 
brought out. Methods of soil culture are illustrated and the history 
of the plow is set forth at considerable length by means of small 
models illustrating types used in different countries as well as of full 
size specimens of modern plows and harvesting machinery. Horti- 
culture receives the same thorough attention. 

Methods of forestry conservation are illustrated by photographs 
and models and by comprehensive collections of Hungarian woods 
displayed in the log and in sections. The work of the forestry 
schools is also explained. 

The dependence of Hungary upon the regulation of her river sys- 
tems is brought out by maps both in the flat and in relief, and methods 
of conservation and regulation of river supply are illustrated. 

The department of animal husbandry comprehends horses, cattle, 
sheep, poultry, and rabbits. The results of breeding are set forth 
and economic considerations regarding marketing are dealt with. 

A distinctive feature of the museum is two halls, one of which is 
devoted to portrait models about 20 inches in length of some of the 
most famous stallions and brood mares of Hungary, and the other 
to similar portrait models of noted specimens of horned cattle illus- 
trating standard breeds. In this connection are models and photo- 


‘SSUIP[INg WiIeF FO S[apoul SururejuOD [[eyY “jsedepng ‘wnasnyy [eIN[NISy 


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APPENDIX 69 


graphs showing the active equipment of the state breeding estab- 
lishments. 

Bee culture is illustrated at length. Dairy farming, the milling 
industries, the spirit industries, brewing, beet sugar production, the 
vegetable oil industries, the starch industry, vinegar production, and 
the flax and hemp industries are illustrated by models, photographs, 
specimens of raw and finished materials, and by statistics. 

Hungarian river and lake fish are illustrated by photographs and 
habitat groups and methods of fish culture are set forth. Methods of 
fishing by weirs and nets are illustrated. 

Several large rooms are devoted to the wild game of Hungary. 
The finely mounted specimens are shown both in their winter and 
in their summer coats. A feature of this exhibit is the inclusion in 
each case of the footprints of the animal. Colored game maps show 
the distribution of wild animals. 

As a whole the museum displays are of a very high order. Every 
effort has been made to make the collections thoroughly informative 
and at the same time attractive. Diagrams, relief maps, models and 
photographs have been employed most intelligently and effectively 
throughout the collections. Photographic transparencies in the win- 
dows have been largely used. 

The museum possesses a fine public library relating to agriculture 
and allied fields and has an excellent lecture room. Courses of pub- 
lic lectures upon agricultural topics are held and scientific publica- 
tions are issued by the museum. Active contacts are maintained with 
the agrarian life of Hungary and the museum authorities are con- 
stantly supplying data and advice on agricultural matters. The 
museum shows clearly the influence of an intelligent and active ad- 
ministration working for the benefit of the agricultural interests of 
Hungary as well as toward the development of a museum for the 
education of the public. 


APPENDIX 2 


DEUTSCHES MUSEUM—MUNICH 


Transcript from the catalog of the displays in the old building 


GEOLOGY 


> 


Development of views concerning volcanic phenomena. (Pic- 
tures, models, and diagrams.) 

Apparatus for determination of earthquakes. 

Causes of the formation of mountains. (Models and pictures.) 

Action of wind and water upon the surface of the earth. (Dia- 
grams and pictures.) 

Examples of typical petrifactions. (Specimens and casts.) 

Development of views regarding the formation of the most im- 
portant rocks, coal seams, etc. (Pictures and specimens.) 

Picture of a landscape from the Devonian age. 

Picture of a landscape from the Carboniferous age. 

Picture of the region of Steinheim in the Tertiary period. 

Reconstruction of the region around Munich in the Glacial 
Epoch. (Picture and map.) 

Glacial rubble-stones from the Glacial Epoch. (Specimens, 
maps, pictures. ) 

Development of geological maps. (Maps and globe.) 

Development of geological reliefs. (Topographic reliefs.) 

Development of methods for the investigation of rocks. (Ap- 
paratus for analyzing and determining of rocks and minerals; 
historically important instruments in this field; polariscope 
and microscope.) 


Se ee San 


O 2S Geena ee 


MINING 


Development of deep drilling tools and machines. (Pictures 
and models.) 
Shaft drilling plant according to Kind-Chaudron. (Operating 
model. ) 
Lined shaft with Thompson water suction system. (Model.) 
Freezing shaft plant. (Model.) 
70 


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APPENDIX 71 


Pictures regarding the development of the salt mining industry. 
(Diagrammatic drawing, pictures, and plan.) 

Methods for the extraction of salt from brine. (Models, pic- 
tures and samples of the most important salts.) 

Pictures relating to the development of ore mining. 

Ore mine of the period of about 1830. (Scale model.) 

Development of the dressing of coarse- and fine-grained ore. 
(Pictures and models.) 


em FF FF 


K. Development of electro-magnetic dressing of ore. (Original 
machines. ) 

L. Picture of a lignite mining plant. 

M. Pictures regarding the development of hard coal mining. (Pic- 
tures and plants.) 

N. Self-acting inclined plane installation of the coal mine at Han- 
sau. (Operating model.) 

O. Typical plants for the dressing of coal. (Model.) 

P. Plants for making briquettes. (Operating model.) 

Q. Earlier conveyor installations for shafts. (Pictures and 
models. ) 

R. Electric conveyor plant. (Operating model.) 

S. Methods for the removal of noxious gases. (Pictures and 
models. ) 

T. Development of water control plants. (Models.) 


MINING PLANTS 


I. SuHart INSTALLATIONS 


A. The various forms of lining of shafts and drifts. 
(Models.) 

B. Early shaft with wooden lining, elevator basket, and 
cars. (Model.) 

C. Shaft with masonry lining, iron elevator basket with 
earlier safety catch. (Model.) 

D. Shaft with iron lining, elevator basket with more recent 
safety catch. (Model.) 

E. Pictures relating to the development of shaft conveyance, 

F. Model of a miner’s cage of the eighteenth century. 

G. Historic water control arrangements. (Model.) 


II. Sarety anp RescuE DEvIcEs 
H. Miners’ lamps and rescue devices. (Specimens. ) 
III. Toots anp Dritis 
I. Earlier and more recent mining implements, (Speci- 
mens. ) 


72 APPENDIX 


Obtaining of coal by means of long-way work. Ladders 
for communication between levels. (Representations. ) 

Hand drilling. (Representations. ) , 

Machine drilling with operation by hand. (Machines.) 

Hydraulic and pneumatic drilling and _ long-drilling 
machines. (Specimens.) 

Compressor plant. (Machine.) 

First electric drills of Siemens, 1879. 

Earlier and more recent mine ventilators for removal 
of noxious gases from isolated places. (Machines; 
old specimens. ) 

R. Means for blasting. (Cartridges, fuses, etc.) 


OO Seen 


IV. Horstinc Devices 


S. Old self-acting inclined plane installation with cable 
drum. 

T. Conveyor reel for operation by steam and water. 
(Specimens. ) 

U. Conveyor support for self-acting inclined plane. (Speci- 
men and two cars.) 


V. CONVEYANCE IN DRIFTS 


Wooden car of the 16th century. 

Guide-rail barrow of the 17th century. 

Shaft elevator basket with iron car arranged for tip- 
ping. (Specimen.) 

Picture of a stable arrangement for horses. 

Operating model of a chain conveyor system. 

Earliest electric mine locomotive of Siemens. 

Gasoline mine locomotive. 

Pictures relating to the development of drift con- 
veyors. 

Development of the lining of drifts with stone, wood, 
and iron. (Representations. ) 


N Kine <<< 


METALLURGY AND METAL WCRKING 


PropucTIon oF Pic IRon 


A. Diagrammatic representation of the production of iron and 
steel. 
B. Ores and substances that are added for various kinds of iron. 


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APPENDIX 73 


Arrangements for the preparation of charcoal and coke. 
(Models. ) 
Earlier and more recent blowers. (Models and drawings.) 
Pictures relating to the development of air heaters. 
Pictures relating to the development of blast furnaces. (Pic- 
tures and drawings.) 
G. Details of blast furnaces. 
H. Iron-sheathed blast furnace in cross-section. (Model.) 
I. Blast furnace plant at Baruth from the eighteenth century. 
(Model.) 
K. Earliest blast furnace with air heater. 
L. Blast furnace plant from the period of about 1875. (Model 
made to scale.) 
M. Blast furnace puddling tools. (Specimens.) 
N. Earliest pig iron mixer. (Operating model.) 


aa 


PRoDUCTION OF WroucHT IRon, Sort STEEL, AND REFINED STEEL 
I. Production of wrought iron. 


A. Old bloomery fire, with an original iron bloom. Also 
original of a refinery hearth of the middle of the 
nineteenth century. 

B. Earlier and more recent puddling furnaces. (Sectional 
models and specimens of iron and steel.) 


II. Production of soft steel. 


C. Cross-section of a Bessemer converter of 1867. Beside 
it is an operating sectional model of the first Besse- 
mer plant known in Germany (1863). 

D. Earliest Siemens-Martin plant in Germany (1868). 
(Model. ) 


III. Production of refined steel. 


E. Cementation furnaces. (Sectional model and photo- 
graphs and specimens. ) 

F. Development of crucible steel furnaces. (Sectional 
model of the year 1811. Also a model of a modern 
crucible steel furnace. Specimens of crucibles and 
picture of casting of steel. Various specimens of steel 
fractures. First cast steel bell.) 

G. Electric steel furnaces. (Models. Representation of 
methods of testing iron and steel.) 


74 APPENDIX 


WorkKING oF [Ron 


I. Rolling. 


A. Diagram of the rolling processes. An old rolling mill. 
(Diagrammatic drawing and model.) 

B. Rail rolling mill. (Operating model of the Krupp type 
of about 1880; also specimens and pictures.) 

C. Rolling of a piece of strip iron, a rail, and a chain. 
(Specimens showing stages of development.) 

D. Blooming mill. (Operating model.) 

E. Three-high mill. (Original of the Erdmann system.) 

F. Stages of development of rolled sheet metal. (Speci- 
mens of materials.) 

G. Development of armor plate. (Specimens of Krupp 
armor plate of wrought iron, composite plate, un- 
hardened nickel steel, hardened nickel steel; pic- 
ture. Specimens of armor plate that had been sub- 
jected to fire.) 

H. Tube rolling mill. (Model and samples.) 


II. Forging. 


I. Old forge with old implements and forged products. 

(Forge shop reconstructed by Prof. Klieber.) 

K. Development of water and steam hammers. (Series of 
models and drawings.) 

L. Krupp forging hall with model of the “Fritz” hammer 
of 50,000 kilograms pressure. (Model to scale.) 

M. Model of a forging press with a pressure of 3,000,000 
kilograms. (Model and specimen.) 


Ill. Welding. 


N. Welding processes. (Pictures, specimens, and dia- 
grams.) 


IV. Casting. 


O. Molding machines. (Models and originals.) 

P. Development of cupola furnaces and molding machines. 
(Models. ) ; : 

Q. Special casting processes for special requirements. 
(Models and specimens. ) 


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APPENDIX 45 


Hyprautic Morors 
WatTER WHEELS 


A. Overshot, middle shot, and undershot water wheels. 
(Operating models, original wheel, drawings.) 


Water PressurE ENGINES 


B. Water pressure engine of Reichenbach. (Original and 
models.) 
C. Typical water motors. (Originals and drawings.) 


‘TURBINES 


D. Old Rumanian tangential water wheel. (Specimen, 
pictures. ) 


E. First turbine in Germany by Fourneyron. (Original.) 

F. Model of a Nagel turbine. (Model.) 

G. Sectional model of a Schwamkrug turbine by Ganz. 

H. Zuppinger tangential turbine by Escher-Wyss. (Orig- 
inal.) 

I. Original Pelton wheel. (Original and operating model.) 

K. First Francis turbine with Fink rotary-blade regulation, 
by Voith. 

L. Original of the first Henschel turbine. 

M. Adjustable Knop turbine of Briegleb & Hansen. 
(Original and pictures.) 

N. “Ontario” turbine plant. (Model and sectional draw- 


ings. ) 


Oxtpest STEAM ENGINES 


Pictures relating to the development of the steam engine. 

Oldest steam engine existing in Germany. (1813.) For com- 
parison, high-speed Westinghouse steam engine. 

Model of the oldest steam engine plant. (Model, original 
beam. ) 

Model of a Watt engine with planetary wheel. 

Beam engine with frame. (Original and operating model.) 

Half-beam engine. (Original and operating model.) 

Alban steam engine. (Original and operating sectional 
model.) 


76 


APPENDIX 


STEAM ENGINES AND STEAM BOILERS 


I. STEAM ENGINES 


A. 


Ae Pre Ges 


Historic types of vertical steam engines. (Originals, 
and cast models of steam engine frames.) 

Historic types of horizontal steam engines. (Original 
engine and parts.) 

Development of steam engine valve gears. (Original 
models, section. of a cylinder.) 

Side-beam marine engine of Coquerill. (Original.) 

First torpedo-boat engine of Schichau. 

Historically important multiple-expansion engines. 
(Drawings and models.) 

Section of a cylinder of a more recent Sulzer valve 
engine. 


II. Stream TurRBINES 


H. 


Steam turbines of Laval and Parsons. (Original, 
model, drawings.) 


III. STEAM Boilers 


Ae 


Old copper boiler of Watt. 

Development of boilers with large water space. (Mod- 
els, sectional model, original of a large marine boiler 
bottom. ) 

Original tubular boiler of Alban. 

Original of the first Steinmiller boiler. 

More recent tubular boilers. (Sectional models, pic- 
tures. ) 

Representation of steam boiler explosions. (Pictures, 
components of exploding boilers. ) 

Preheating of the boiler feed water. (Model.) 

Models of water re-cooling plants. Also model of the 
first water purifier built in Germany. 

Older and more recent fittings. (Originals.) 


IV. Stream AUTOMOBILE ENGINES 


First German locomobile of Wolf. 

Model of a modern superheated steam locomobile of 
Wolf. (Model, drawings, photographs.) 

Direct-current superheated-steam locomobile of the 
Maschinenfabrik Badenia. 


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APPENDIX 77 
V. Stream PLants 


_V. Locomobile central plant of Lanz. (Reduced-scale 
model.) Comparison of various steam engines and 
steam boilers for an_ electric power _ station. 


(Models. ) 


LAND TRANSPORTATION 


CARRYING OF LoADS AND PERSONS, SLEDS AND Wacons, BICYCLES 


A. Carrying of loads and persons by human beings. (Objects and 
pictures. ) 


B. Carrying of loads and persons by animals. (Model and pic- 
tures.) 

Development of drags and sleds. (Originals and pictures.) 

Development of wagons. (Models and pictures.) 

Traveling coach of the Biedermeier period. (Original.) 

Mechanical wagons. (Pictures, typical mechanical tricycles.) 

Development of bicycles. (Originals.) 


QmAmOO 


AUTOMOBILES AND RAILROADS 
I. -Automobiles. 


A. Development of automobiles and motorcycles. (Orig- 
inals, models, pictures.) 


Il. Locomotives. 


Development of locomotives. (Models and pictures.) 

Reproduction of the first locomotive, “Puffing Billy.” 

First locomotive of Krauss. 

Express locomotive of the year 1874. (Sectional loco- 
motive; can be operated by means of an electric 
motor. ) 


MOOR 


III. Mountain Railways. 


F. Rigi railway, the first cog railway in Europe. (Models 

of locomotives and roadbed.) 

G. Pilatus railway, cog railway with greatest inclination. 

(Model of motor car and of a viaduct.) 

H. Railway from Blankenburg to Tanne, first combined 
cog and adhesion railway of Abt. (Models of loco- 
motive truck and roadbed.) 

Development of cable roads. (Models, drawings, and 
pictures. ) 


— 


78 APPENDIX 
IV. Railway Cars. 


K. Development of railway cars. (Originals and models.) 

L. Statistical tables relating to the development of rail- 
ways. (Tables on the walls.) 

M. Model of a typical ship-canal lift. (Operating 
model. ) 


V. Roadbed. 


A. Originals of historically important railway tracks. 

B. Development of roadbeds and tracks from the seven- 
teenth century to modern times. (Sections of road- 
bed, etc.) 

C. Grooved tracks. (Short sections.) 

D. Roadbeds of cog railways. (Sections.) 

E. Safety devices for the open stretch. (Original devices.) 

F. Safety devices at the railway station. (Switches, sig- 
nals, etc.) 


ELEcTRIC RAILWAYS 


A. First electric locomotive of Werner Siemens. (Orig- 
inal.) 
B. Models of historically important electric cars and loco- 
motives. 

Electric street car with trucks. (Sectional model.) 
Car of the speed trials from Berlin to Zossen. (Sec- 
tional model.) ; 

Electric street railway car. (Machinery exposed.) 

Suspended railway from Barmen to Elberfeld. (Model; 
also pictures of elevated and subway lines; statistics. ) 

Jungfrau railway, the highest mountain railway in 
Europe. (Model and painting.) 


oe iakeh, iehe 


Hot Am ENncings, GAs ENGINES, 
ENGINES FoR Liguip FUELS AND WIND ENGINES 


I. Hor Air ENGINES 


A. Hot air engine of Ericsson. (Original.) 
B. Hot air engine of Lehmann. (Original.) 


II. Gas ENGINES 


C. Gas engine of Lenoir. 
D. Gas engine of Otto and Langen. 
E. Atmospheric gas engine of Bischop. 


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APPENDIX 79 


Gas engine of Otto; four-cycle. (Reproduction. ) 

Gas engine of Raichmann; four-cycle. 

Suction gas engine plant of Deutz. (Sectional model 
and diagrammatic drawing.) 

I, First blast-furnace gas engine of Ochelhauser. (Oper- 

ating model, partly sectional.) 

K. Blast-furnace of Deutz. (Model.) 
. Two-cycle engines. (Original, and diagrammatic sec- 

tional model.) 


OQ) 3 


III. ENcIngs ror Liguip FUELS 


M. Historically important petroleum engines. (Orig- 
inals. ) 

N. Gasoline engine of Banki. (Original, partly sec- 
tional.) 

O. First Diesel engine. (Original, diagrams, pictures.) 


IV. Winp ENGINES 


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M. 


A. Presentation of the history of wind engines. (Pictures 
and models.) 

Historic windmill of Sans Souci. (Model.) 

Typical German windmill. (Model.) 

Operating models of more recent wind engines with 
regulating devices. (Also pictures.) 

Details of old windmills. (Originals and model.) 


Po One 


ASTRONOMY 


Celestial globes and star maps. (Originals.) 

Large planetarium from the beginning of the nineteenth cen- 
tury. Two other planetariums, which are movable, etc. 

Astronomical “world and art clock.” 

Development of the calendar and of the division of time. 
(Plaster cast, original calendars, tables.) 

Development of sun dials. (Models and original.) 

Astronomical pendulum clocks. (Originals.) 

Astronomical clock by S. Riefler. 

Armillary spheres and astrolabes. (Pictures and originals.) 

Development of instruments for the determination of the 
position of the heavenly bodies in the celestial sphere. 
(Originals, models, pictures.) 

Older telescopes for observation of the heavenly bodies. 
(Originals, reproduction, drawings, and sectional models.) 

Parallactically mounted telescopes. (Original and models.) 

Refractor of G. and S. Merz. 


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APPENDIX 


Model of a cupola. 

Fraunhofer’s heliometer. (Original and drawing.) 

Constitution of the sun. (Drawings and photographs.) 

Constitution of the moon. (Drawings and photographs.) 

Constitution of the planets. (Drawings and photographs.) 

Constitution of comets. (Drawings and a meteorograph.) 

The world of the fixed stars. (Tables and photographs.) 

Large tellurium for exemplification of the movement of the 
éarth and the moon. 

Original instruments of Tycho Brahe. 


GEODESY 


Measures of length. (Survey of units of length, collection 

of standard measures, copy of the meter prototype.) 
Measures of capacity. (Survey, and collection of originals.) 
Telescopic graphometers and apomecometers. (Originals.) 
Experimental arrangement for apomecometers. 

Gradual improvement of goniometers. (Collection of in- 

struments. ) 

Progressive improvement of the theodolite. (Originals.) 
Experimental arrangement for goniometry. 

Optical squares. (Instruments and explanations.) 
Development of leveling instruments. (Originals, reproduc- 

tions, drawings; also altitude barometers.) 

Altitude charts. (Maps, comparative data, plans in relief.) 
Base instruments. (Instruments, pictorial representation of 

a measurement. ) 
Maps. (Comparison of maps; methods for the preparation 
of cadaster charts.) 

Linear dividing machine of Repsold. 

Circular dividing machine of Reichenbach. 

Circular dividing machine of Oertling. 


MATHEMATICS, CINEMATICS, BALANCES 


MATHEMATICS 


A. The development of practical calculation and calculat- 
ing machines. (Machines, logarithmic calculating 
devices, tables.) 

B. Exemplification of the most important geometric forms. 
(Models, tables, demonstration arrangements. ) 

C. The development of perspective and its application. 
(Drawings and models.) : 

D. Development of the planimeter. (Originals.) 





Model of gas producing plant at Nuremberg. 


Deutsches Museum. 





II. 


III. 


II. 


APPENDIX 81 


CINEMATICS 
E. Cinematic demonstrations. (Models and tables.) 
Cinematics in the animal kingdom. (Preparations and 
models. ) 
BALANCES 
F. Collection of units of weight and of sets of weights. 
(Originals and reproductions. ) 
G. Large two-armed balance of the year 1800. (Also a 
lever balance.) 
H. Ordinary scales. (Originals, models, drawings, re- 
constructions. ) 
I. Bridge scales and spring scales. (Originals and 
models. ) 
J. Precision balances. (Originals.) 
K. Development of densimeters for liquids. (Hydro- 
meters. Instruments.) 
L. Ascent to the astronomical observatory. (Instruments, 
transparent glass star chart.) 
MECHANICS 
EQUILIBRIUM OF SoLID BopiEs 


A. The lever principle and its application. (Models.) 

B. Recognition of the principle of the inclined plane and 
its application. (Models and apparatus.) 

C. The principle of the parallelogram of forces and its 
application. (Demonstrations.) 


MovEMENT oF SoLip Bopiks 


D. Galileo’s investigations of falling motion. (Apparatus, 
reconstruction of apparatus, and machines.) 

Development of the laws of the pendulum. (Demon- 
stration of the Foucault experiment; instrument.) 

Reproduction of the centrifugal machine of ’sGrave- 
sande. 

Experiments with centrifugal machines. 

The law of the attraction of masses and the three laws 
of motion of Newton. (Explanation, drawings, in- 
strument. ) 

I. Turn-stool for demonstration of reaction movements. 

K. Experiments with tops. 


mO 7 mF 


82 


APPENDIX 


L. Marine gyroscope and gyroscopic compass. (Operat- 
ing models.) 

M. Demonstration of ship vibrations. (Model.) 

N. Development of the laws of the impact of elastic 
bodies. (Reproductions of experiments, models.) 


III. MercHANICcS oF GASES 


IV. 


Sele. 


O. Development of the barometer since the time of Tor- 
ricelli. (Torricelli experiment, reproductions, orig- 
inal instruments. ) 

Original air pump of Otto von Guericke. (Also pic- 
tures and explanations.) 

Development of piston air pumps. (Original pumps.) 

Development of mercury air pumps since 1858. (Orig- 
inals. ) 

Demonstration in a vacuum. 

The fundamental laws of the mechanics of gases and 
their application. (Reproductions, drawings, ex- 
periments.) 


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MeEcHANICcS oF Liguip BopIEs 


U. The law of hydrostatic pressure and its application. 
(Demonstrations, reproduction of apparatus.) 

V. Hydraulic presses. (Model and picture.) 

W. Presentation of the principle of Archimedes. 

X. Development of hydrodynamics and application there- 
of. (Demonstrations and water wheel.) 


Optics oF FoRMER TIMES 


Flat mirrors and their employment. (Drawing, collection of 
mirrors, model.) 

The laws of curved mirrors. (Collection of mirrors, experi- 
mental arrangements, diagrammatic drawings.) 

Rectilinear transmission of light. (Model, demonstration, 
diagrammatic pin-hold camera.) 

Projection instruments. (Instruments and pictures.) 

Development of the law of refraction. (Instruments and 
demonstrations. ) 

The laws of lenses. (Figures to be observed through vari- 
ous lenses; demonstrations and diagrammatic explanations. ) 

Progressive improvement of the microscope. (Original 
microscopes. ) 





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Deutsches Museum. Fire tube boiler of Alban, 1859. 





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APPENDIX 83 


Perfection of the microscope since the invention of the achro- 
matic objective. (Instruments and microscopic pictures.) 

Development of telescopes. (Originals and reproductions.) 

Experimental telescopes for comparison. 

Double telescopes. (Instruments, partly sectional.) 

Forms of lenses and prisms. (Specimens.) 


Optics oF More REcENT TIMES 


Velocity of light and brightness of light. (Pictures, models, 
instruments. ) 

The eye and its defects. (Diagrammatic drawings, reproduc- 
tions of models of the eye, new models, instruments.) 

Demonstration of spectacles. (Also models of the eye, pic- 
tures, and a collection of spectacles.) 

Stereoscopic vision, permanence of the light impression, after- 
images and contrast phenomena. (Instruments, demonstra- 
tion and arrangement.) 

Original instruments of Helmholtz. 

Original instruments of Fraunhofer. 

Spectrum apparatus of Kirchhoff and Bunsen. 

Development of the theory of colors. (Historical survey, 
reproduction of experimental arrangement, demonstra- 
tions. ) 

Development of spectrum analysis. (Instruments and demon- 
strations. ) 

Interference diffraction, polarization, and the wave theory 
of light. (Historical survey, drawings, instruments, models, 
demonstrations. ) 

Manufacture of optical instruments. (Drawings and speci- 
mens; machines.) 

HEAT AND METEOROLOGY 

The various kinds of temperature measurement. (Demon- 
strations. ) 

Development of the thermometer. (Instruments.) 

Expansion of solid, liquid, and gaseous bodies. (Drawings 
and reproductions of instruments. ) 

Measurement of heat quantities. Melting and vaporizing. 
(Instruments, drawings, experimental arrangements, tables, 
models. ) 

Heat of combustion of various bodies. (Instruments and 


quantitative specimens of fuels.) 


84 


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APPENDIX 


Radiation and conduction of heat. (Drawings, instruments, 
demonstration.) 
Experiment of Rumford on the conversion of work into heat. 
(Model of experiment.) 
Original apparatus of Robert Mayer. 
Determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat. (Draw- 
ings and instruments.) 
Apparatus and method for the liquefaction of gases. (In- 
struments and drawings.) 
Original machine of Linde for liquefaction of air. (Original 
drawing and plant capable of operation.) 
Demonstrations of liquid air. 
Development of meteorological instruments. (Tables, pic- 
tures, instruments. ) 
Modern meteorological station. (Group of instruments ca- 
pable of operation; charts.) 


Wave THEORY 


Illustration of waves. (Demonstrations; wave machines.) 

Stationary waves in solid bodies, liquids, and gases. (Demon- 
strating instruments. ) 

Lissajour figures. (Demonstration.) 

Resonance phenomena. (Instruments and experimental ar- 
rangements. ) 

Reflection of waves. (Experimental arrangements.) 

Refraction of waves. (Demonstrations.) 

Interference of waves. (Demonstration apparatus.) 

Polarization of waves. (Demonstrations, drawing.) 

Absorption of waves. (Drawing.) 


ACOUSTICS 


Pitch and intensity of sound. (Instruments, explanations, 
drawings, models.) 

Tones of strings. (Historical survey, monochords.) 

Tones of bars and plates. (Illustrative tuning forks and 
plates.) 

Pipes. (Illustrative and experimental pipes.) 

Dissociation of a sound into simple tones. (Instruments for 
demonstration.) 

Development of the scale. (Simple presentation with pianino 
for playing of melodies.) 

Knowledge about speech. (Sectional model and instruments.) 





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APPENDIX 85 


Knowledge about hearing. (Drawings and models.) 

Testing of hearing. (Tuning-fork series, etc.) 

Reproduction of tones by means of the phonograph, gramo- 
phone, and telegraphone. (Instruments and records.) 


FRICTIONAL AND CONTACT ELECTRICITY 


Fundamental experiments. 

Older electrostatic machines. (Machines and pictures.) — 

Electrostatic machine with battery of Leyden jars, used by 
Ohm. 

Leyden or Kleist jars. (Specimens.) 

Electrophoruses. (Specimens. ) 

Influence machines. (Specimens.) 

Steam electrostatic machine. 

Influence machine of Voss. 

Demonstrations of static electricity. 

Electroscope and electrometer. (Instruments.) 

Investigation of aerial electricity. (Pictures and models.) 
Frog’s leg experiment of Galvani. (Demonstration.) 

Voltaic pile. (Reproduction.) 

Galvanic cell. (Collection of cells.) 

Thermoelectric instruments. (Specimens. ) 

Original instruments of Ohm. 

Fundamental laws of Ohm and Kirchhoff. (Pictures and 
instruments. ) 

Current branching in liquids. (Pictures.) 

Resistance standards. (Specimens.) 

Instruments for measuring resistance. 


MAGNETISM AND ELECTRIC CURRENT 


Natural magnets and steel magnets. (Specimens and pic- 
tures.) Magnetic lines of force. ( Pictures.) 

Compasses. (Pictures and instruments.) 

Instruments for the measurement of terrestial magnetism. 
(Instruments and charts.) 

Earth inductor of Weber, 1853. (Demonstration instru- 
ment; inductor of Weber, partly original.) 

Instruments for the investigation of magnetic variations. (3 
instruments. ) 

Electromagnets. (Magnets, diagrams, measuring instru- 
ments. ) 

Demonstration electromagnet. 


86 


APPENDIX 


H. Solenoids. (Demonstration arrangement, original instru- 
ments. ) 

Original instruments of Ampére. 

K. Application of the electromagnetic and electrodynamic laws. 

(Instruments. ) 

L. Galvanometers. (Series of instruments showing develop- 

ment. ) 

M. Development of induction instruments. (Demonstration, re- 

productions, instruments. ) 

N. Demonstration of the spark phenomenon in an inductor. (Ap- 

paratus. ) 

O. Demonstration of the Thomson effect. (Demonstration ar- 

rangement. ) 

P. Demonstration of eddy currents. 

Q. Demonstration of Tesla currents. 


if 


1 


Il. 


Evectric RADIATIONS AND WAVES 


PRODUCTION OF ELEcTRIC RADIATIONS 


tok 


B. 


C. 


o 


G. 


Development of vacuum tubes. (Original tubes and 
reproductions of tubes.) 

Demonstration of the appearance of light in vacuum 
tubes. (Demonstrations in dark cabinets.) 

Demonstrations in a variable vacuum. (Demonstra- 
tion of the effect of a gradually produced vacuum.) 

Demonstrations with R6ontgen rays. (Screen and 
X-ray apparatus in dark room.) 

Original tubes and original photograms of R6ntgen. 

Ionization of the air. (Instruments.) 

Investigation of radium. (Experimental arrangements, 
instruments, specimens of radio-active substances.) 


INVESTIGATION AND APPLICATION OF ELECTRIC WAVES 


H. 


I. 


K. 
L. 


Original oscillation apparatus of Feddersen. 

Original apparatus of Bezold. (Also a number of dust 
figures on hard rubber plates.) 

Original apparatus of Lecher, 1891. . 

Original pieces of apparatus of Hertz. (Also pictures 
of other apparatus of Hertz.) 


M. Historical pieces of apparatus for the investigation 


and utilization of electric waves. (Also wiring 
diagrams. ) 


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_ 


A 


Sez ee 


APPENDIX 87 


N. The transmitting instruments of wireless telegraphy. 
(Pictures, originals, and auxiliary apparatus. Possible 

operation of an instrument that acts on the receiving 
apparatus under “O”.) 

O. The receiving instruments of wireless telegraphy. 
(Instruments and tuning devices, etc.) 

P. Instruments for wireless telephony. (Originals, and 
complete transmitting and receiving sets, etc.) 


‘TELEGRAPH Y 


Development of optical telegraphy. (Drawings and models.) 

First electrical telegraph of S6mmerring, 1809. (Original.) 

Electrical needle telegraphs. (Reproductions and an original 
instrument. ) 

Electrical needle telegraphs. (Original instruments; draw- 
ing by Siemens.) 

Earliest writing telegraph of Steinheil, 1836. (Original.) 

Historic development of the Morse recording instruments. 
(Reproduction and originals; also automatic sending instru- 
ments.) 

Development of cable telegraphy. (Two. instruments.) 

Type printing instruments. (Instruments and demonstra- 
tion model.) 

Copying telegraph of Casselli. (Reproduction of instrument; 
original telegram. ) 

Development of copying telegraphs and of automatic high- 
speed telegraphs. (Instruments, photographs, explanatory 
model.) 

Calling contrivances. (Specimens.) 

Auxiliary equipment for telegraph construction. (Objects.) 

Materials and designs for the construction of lines. (Cross- 
sections of cables, etc.; model of a cable twisting machine.) 

Abolition of the charge phenomena in telephone lines by 
Pupin coils. (Demonstration by operating telephone line.) 


TELEPHONY 


Development of the telephone and microphone. (Diagram- 
matic drawings, original instruments, reproductions, tele- 
phone connection with the Royal Opera.) 

Telephone stations. (Specimens.) 


88 
C. 


G. 


APPENDIX 


Switchboards and multiple switchboards for telephone central 
offices. (Originals and demonstration multiple switch- 
board.) ; | 

Automatic switching system of Strowger. (Demonstration 
arrangement for 4 stations.) 

Semi-automatic switching system of Dr. Steidle. 

Original telegraphones of Poulsen, 1898. 

Talking arc lamp, at the same time transmitter of light 
telephony. (Demonstration installation, operating in con- 
junction with receiving antenna.) 


PAINTING 


Material and technique of painting in antiquity. (Originals 
and reproductions of paintings; implements for encaustic 
painting; reconstruction attempts shown next to originals.) 

Material and technique of painting in the Middle Ages. 
(Original paintings and reproductions; Oriental paintings; 
miniatures on ivory and copper; samples of pigments.) 

Material and technique of painting of more recent times. 
(Sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; fresco, oil, pastel, tem- 
pera technique; stereochromy and mineral painting; speci- 
mens of restorations.) 

Material and technique of modern painting. (Colors shown 
in the form of powder as well as rubbed in oil; binders 
and their raw materials; implements; methods of testing 
for quality and permanence.) 

Representation of porcelain painting. (Originals and repro- 
ductions of partially and wholly completed objects.) 

Representation of glass painting. (Specimens of colored glass; 
combination picture; names of the most famous glass 
painters on the frame of the “tableau”.) 

Examination of paintings. (Charts showing results of micro- 
scopic and microchemical investigations.) 


WRITING AND PRINTING 
WRITING 


A. How one writes. (Series of pictures of people writ- 
ing; specimens of writing; charts of characters.) 

B. Technique of writing. (Implements and writings of 
many nations and ages, of various materials; devel- 
opment of the steel pen and the pencil.) 

C, Development of typewriters. (Series of operable 
models. ) 


‘DISH, JO [[BEY ‘winasnyy sayosinaq 








APPENDIX 89 


II. PrintTING 


D. Casting of type by hand and by means of machines. 
(Machines and specimens.) 

E. Hand composition. (Stands, cases, implements, speci- 
mens of composition, proofsheets, etc.) 

F. Development of the typesetting machine. (Original 
machines, pictures; specimens of machine composi- 
tion. ) 

G. Stereotyping. (Earlier and more recent apparatus.) 

H. Typical printed matter. (Originals and facsimiles of 
printed matter from the fifteenth century down to the 
present. Pictures of printing plants from the fifteenth 
century on.) 

I. Earliest wooden hand presses. (Original, reproduction, 
photograph. ) 

K. Development of iron hand presses. (Pictures, orig- 
inal.) 

L. Earliest high-speed press of Kénig. (Reproduction, 
with a picture, drawings, and letters of the in- 
ventor.) 

M. More recent high-speed presses. (Model; movable 
model.) 


PRINTING OF ILLUSTRATIONS, AND PHOTOGRAPHY 
I. Drawinc 
A. Development of mechanical drawing. (Instruments, 
drawings.) 
II. PRINTING OF ILLUSTRATIONS 


B. Old and new methods of making woodcuts, (Prints 
and woodcut plates.) 

C. Metal etching. (Original cuts and prints; also pro- 
duction of halftones with gratings.) 

D. Old and new copperplate printing methods. (Drawings 
showing various methods; hand-presses, implements, 
materials; stages of development of a heliogravure.) 

E. Technique of lithography. (Presses, implements, orig- 
inal lithographs; representation of the most impor- 
tant processes.) 

F. Phototypy. (Original prints; presentation of the 
process in its stages of development.) 

G. Color printing. (Specimens of older productions; 
modern light filters, partial negatives, grating copies, 
printing scales, finished specimens. ) 


90 
ITI. 


H. 


APPENDIX 
PHOTOGRAPHY 


H. Development of the photographic camera. (Original 
cameras of various types; demonstration of processes 
by automatic camera with visible interior.) 

I. Photographic objectives. (Specimens, sectional draw- 
ings, specimen pictures, and text. Also wide-angle 
and telephoto lenses, automatic shutters, models of 
focal plane and diaphragm shutters.) 

K. Photographic negative processes. (Originals of old 
negatives; comparative photographs; series of nega- 
tives and diapositives showing the effect of varying 
exposure, development, intensification, and reduc- 
tion. ) 

LL. Photographic positive processes. (Series of daguerreo- 
types, ferrotypes; copies and originals in various 
processes; enlargements and _ reductions; micro- 
photographs; etc.) 

M. Cinematography. (Series of examples of apparatus; 
films. ) 

N. Color photography. (Photographs, charts.) 


‘TIMEPIECES 


Sun, water, oil, and sand clocks. (Typical originals; 
demonstration model.) 

Development of wheel clocks. (Models of various types of 
escapement; clocks, special clocks, chronoscope.) 

Tower clocks. (Clockworks and tower clock.) 

Modern tower clock of the year 1905. (Specimen.) 

Historical development of watches with fuse escapement. 
(Specimens. ) 

Further development of watches with cylinder, duplex, anchor, 
and chronometer escapement. (Large-scale operating 
models of various escapements; original watches; special 
watches; drawing of watch parts.) 

Development of pneumatic and electrical clocks. (Speci- 
mens. ) 

An old Schwarzwald clockmaker’s workshop. (Working 
tools; collection of parts and clocks.) 

Timepiece manufacture with machine operation. (Originals 
capable of operation; tableau with the separate parts of an 
alarm clock, showing total time of manufacture.) 


APPENDIX gI 


SPINNING 


— 


. SPINNING FIBERS AND THEIR TREATMENT 


A. Vegetable fibers. (Specimens of flax, hemp, jute, ramie, 
Egyptian and American cotton—unprepared and 
prepared.) 

B. Animal fibers. (Specimens of long-fiber sheep’s wool, 
short-fiber sheep’s wool, Mongolian camel’s hair, raw 
silk, all in various stages; also stages of develop- 
ment of silkworms; silk unrolled from a cocoon; re- 
suls of tests of food for silkworms.) 

C. Mineral fibers and artificial fibers. (Specimens of as- 
bestos, Cyprian gold threads, spun gold for brocade, 
artificial silk, spun material made from paper, cocoa- 
nut fibers, peat, and maize; also sample of a dress 
made of cocoanut fibers.) 


II. PREPARATORY MACHINES AND PREPARATORY IMPLEMENTS 


D. Preparatory machines for wool and cotton of Ark- 
wright, Heilmann, Gessner, etc. (Reproductions of 
machines. ) 

E. Preparatory implements for flax. (Implements; also 
model of an Upper Bavarian flax-breaking room, as 
well as pictures of machines to replace implements.) 


III. Hanp SPINNING 


F. Spindles and hand spinning wheels. (Originals, repro- 
ductions, pictures.) 

G. Spinning wheels for continuous process. (Originals 
and reproduction. ) 

H. Yarn winding apparatus. (Specimens.) 


SPINNING, TWISTING, AND SEWING 


I. INTERMITTENT SPINNING MACHINES 


I. Earliest spinning jenny for manual operation, 1764. 
(Reproduction.) 

K. Mule spinning jennys for manual and machine opera- 
tion. (Reproduction and original.) 

L. Original of a modern self-acting mule of the Elsas- 
sische Maschinenbaugesellschaft, Mulhausen. (Ma- 
chine. ) 


92 APPENDIX 


II. Constant SPINNING MACHINES 


M. Water spinning frame. (Reproduction of original.) 
N. Ring spinning frame. (Machine and collection of ring 
spindle forms.) 


III. Braiwinc AND ‘TWISTING 
O. ‘Twisting machines. (Machines; among them certain 
originals. ) 
IV. SEwING 


P. Historic sewing machines, with a collection of pre- 
historic needles. (Originals and pictures of sewing 
machines. ) 

Q. More recent sewing machines. (Machines; large 
model; enlarged models for explanation of stitch 
formations, with the same parts in original size.) 


WEAVING 
I. Hanp WEAVING 


A. Looms of various ages and peoples. (Originals and 
pictures. ) 

B. Old hand looms. 

C. Old weaving room with hand Dobby loom and all 
auxiliary implements, for the preparation of the 
fabric threads, longitudinal and transverse threads. 
(Warp and woof threads. ) 

D. Experimental model for explanation of Jacquard 
weaving. 

E. Reproduction of the first hand loom of Jacquard, 1808. 
(Also Jacquard picture fabrics of silk.) 


II. MECHANICAL WEAVING 


F. Reproduction of the first mechanical cloth loom of 
Schénherr, 1836. (Also model, capable of opera- 
tion, of an older mechanical cotton loom.) 

G. Original of a modern silk loom with Dobby loom. 


III. Specimens oF Faprics 


H. ‘Typical fabrics of various ages and countries. (Speci- 
mens. ) 

I. Diagrammatic representation and specimens of the prin- 
cipal kinds of fabric interweavings, from the simplest 
linen interweaving to velvet. (Patterns on an en- 
larged scale; drawings and models of inter-weay- 
ings; cross-sections of fabrics; specimen fabrics.) 





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APPENDIX 93 


FARMING 
TREATMENT OF THE SoIL, NourISHING OF PLANTS, AND FERTILIZING 


A. Development of plows and harrows. (Models on an 
arable field, showing attachment of motive power 
and mode of operation.) 

B. The development of agriculture. (Shows steps from 
unsystematic agriculture to rotation of crops and in- 
tensive cultivation. ) 

Potato harvesting machines. (Machines and models.) 

An arable field with models of sowing machines. 

Seed scattering devices. (In original size and capable 
of operation.) 

F. Plant nourishment. (Drawings and experimental ar- 
rangements; collection of profiles of German arable 
fields.) 

G. Discovery and utilization of artificial fertilizers. (Pic- 
tures, fertilizer products.) 

H. Intensive cultivation of grain. (Specimens of grain.) 

I. Charts relating to the utilization of artificial fertilizers. 


HOO 


HARVESTING AND STOCK-RAISING 


A. Development of mowing machines for grass and grain. 
(Machines, pictures, movable models on a field of 
grain.) 

B. Hand implements for mowing and threshing from vari- 
ous ages and various peoples. (Reproductions and 
pictures. ) 

Threshing machines. (Pictures, models, machines.) 

Model of the earliest straw press of Klinger. 

Cleaning and sorting machines for grain. (Models 
and pictures.) 

Feed appliances. (Models and pictures.) 

Stable appliances of older and more recent times. 
(Showing development and resulting improvement in 
stock-raising. ) 

H. Stable arrangements. (Models and drawings, show- 

ing gradual improvement.) 

I. Stock-raising. (Pictures and models showing higher 
yields from improvement.) 


OQ moo 


94 


APPENDIX 


THe Dairy INDUSTRY 


A. 
B. 


C. 


Pt 


Model of an old dairy. 

Dairy implements of various ages and countries. 
(Models, reproductions, modern originals; pictures.) 

Milk separators with their appurtenances, from the 
earliest primitive devices down to the present. (Ma- 
chines, etc.) 

Model of a modern dairy and creamery. 

Creamery products. (Products, drawings, models, re- 
productions of cheese varieties. ) 

Constituents of milk. (Charts and drawings; exhibits 
of substances.) 

Examination of milk. (Experimental arrangements; 
instruments. ) 


FERMENTATION INDUSTRY 


I. BREWING 


FOO > 


AS Om 


Brewing materials and beer analyses. (Specimens.) 

Diagrammatic picture of a brewery. 

Malting apparatus. (Pictures and models.) 

Brewing-house apparatus. (Pictures and models.) 

Investigation of yeast with apparatus of Hansen for 
the pure culture of yeast. (Development forms of 
yeast, magnified 500 times; instruments.) 

Cellar arrangements. (Pictures and models.) 

Instruments and apparatus for examination of raw 
materials and beers. (Specimens.) 

Model of the old “Spaten” Brewery of the year 1812. 

Model of a brewery with machine operation. 

Picture of a modern brewery, with statistical data. 

Model of a modern brewing-house. 


II. DistTiLLiInc 


A. 
B. 


C. 


Originals of old spirits-distilling apparatus. 

Experimental apparatus for explanation of distillation. 
(Operating model; diagrammatic model.) 

Raw products of the manufacture of alcohol and spir- 
its, and diagrammatic representation of their treat- 
ment. (Specimens; diagrammatic representation; 
pictures and models.) 


APPENDIX 95 


D. Models of distilling apparatus for grain and potato 
distilleries, first half of nineteenth century. (Models 
and pictures.) 

E. Model of a steam potato distillery with a Pistorius 
apparatus, 1846. 

F. Modern columnar distilling apparatus of Avenarius, for 
continuous operation. (Apparatus; pictures.) 

G. Model of an automatic distilling and rectifying ap- 
paratus of Ilges, 1906. 

H. Model of a modern distillery. 

I. Pieces of apparatus for examination of the raw mate- 
rials and of the alcohol. (Specimens.) 


CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 


I. Dye INpDusTRY 


A. Natural organic dyes. (Specimens.) 

B. Indigo factory. (Model of plant for artificial indigo.) 

C. Production of coal tar dyes. (Diagrammatic repre- 
sentation of manufacture of fuchsin and banzopur- 
purin, with sectional models and specimens of mate- 
rial at each stage.) 

D. Coal tar oils. (Specimens; pictures of apparatus.) 

E. Genealogical table of coal tar dyes. (Specimens in 
glass, arranged in “family-tree’ style to show 
derivation; also dyed samples in cotton or wool. 


II. Sopa INpustry 
F. Natural soda. (Pictures and preparations.) 
G. Manufacture of soda according to Leblanc, 1791. 
(Model of a modern factory.) 
H. Manufacture of soda according to Solvay. (Series of 


models. ) 
I. Caustic soda by means of electrolysis. (Model of 


plant.) 


III. Acmw INbDustTRY 


K. Production of nitric acid from Chile saltpeter. (Pic- 
tures, and model of a modern factory.) 

Process of Airect combination of the nitrogen and 

oxygen of the air by means of the electric arc. (To 

be shown by models and_ experimental arrange-— 


ments. ) 


96 APPENDIX 


L. Earliest production of sulfuric acid. (Pictures, models, 
original retorts.) 

M. Manufacture of sulfuric acid according to the lead 
chamber process. (Model.) 

N. Manufacture of sulfuric acid according to the contact 
process. (Model.) 


IV. DrIaAGRAMMATICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF A MorE GENERAL 
NATURE 


O. Important elements and their compounds. (Collection 
of specimens in glass, arranged so that the com- 
pounds are located at the intersection of the hori- 
zontal and vertical lines leading from the constituent 
elements. ) 

P. Production of chemical products from the raw mate- 
rials. (Specimens of products in glass, with inter- 
mediate products, connected with colored cords to 
show derivation—see Fig. 42.) 

Q. Manufacture of cellulose. (Model of sulphite plant, 
complete.) 


ALCHEMIST’S LABORATORY 


A. Substances known in antiquity. (Collection of substances; 
reproduction of a Roman balance; charts with pictures of 
distilling implements; original glass vessels.) 

B. Ancient metallurgy. (Reproductions: furnace, bellows, imple- 
ments. ) 

C. Discoveries of the Middle Ages. (Specimens of substances.) 

D. Distilling apparatus. (Specimens.) 

E. Sand-bath hearth with an old pelican, etc. (Specimens, with 
an original “pelican.’’) 

F. Paracelsus and Basilius Valentinus. (Exhibit of substances 
mentioned by them for the first time, shown above an old 
water-bath.) : 

Agricola and Ercker. (Table with testing implements.) 

Iatrochemical discoveries. (Preparations; reproductions of 
pieces of apparatus.) 


=O 


CHEMICAL LABORATORY OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 


A. Pieces of apparatus from the phlogistio period. (Reproduc- 
tions of characteristio experimental arrangements.) 
B. Chimney according to Lavoisier. (Reproduction.) 





Laboratory of an alchemist. 


Deutsches Museum. 





} 
{ 
i 


Sine & 


APPENDIX 97 


Analytical reagents. (Collection of specimens.) 

Decomposition of water according to Lavoisier. (Reproduc- 
tion of Lavoisier’s apparatus.) 

Pieces of apparatus according to Lavoisier. (Reproduc- 
tions. ) 

Chimney according to Priestley. (Reproduction.) 

Reverberating furnace. (After Lavoisier.) 

Important substances discovered in the phlogistic age. (Spec- 
imens in cabinet; also original specimens and an old “Kun- 


kelglas.” ) 


Liepic LABORATORY 


Reproduction of laboratory which Liebig caused to be fitted up at 


DAs > 


ie ee ae S 


Giessen in 1839. 


Sand bath according to Liebig. 

Liebig coolers for condensation. (Large originals.) 

Pieces of apparatus of Bunsen, Hofmann, etc. (Originals.) 

Hood hearths according to Liebig. (Exact reproductions; 
one is sectioned in two directions; a number of original 
objects of Liebig’s on the hearths.) 

Pieces of apparatus and experimental arrangements accord- 
ing to Liebig. (Originals and reproductions.) 

Apparatus for organic analysis. (Several pieces, one orig- 
inal.) 

Original pieces of apparatus of Mitscherlich, etc. 

Preparations from the first half of the nineteenth century. 
(Specimens with names of discoverers; original gas lamps 
and burners of Bunsen.) 


MoprErn LABORATORY 


Collection of the elements. (Nearly complete series in his- 
torical sequence.) 

Rare earths. (Specimens of these and their compounds; 
some valuable original preparations; also collection of syn- 
thetic jewels.) 

Important preparations of more recent times. (Original 
preparations; other specimens.) 

Precision balances. (Specimens.) 

Work table with analytical apparatus and reagents. 

Hoods of a more recent type, with a series of pieces of ap- 
paratus for production of gases. 


98 APPENDIX 


G. Apparatus for organic analysis. (Under an open hood.) 

H. Apparatus for physical chemistry. (Specimens, partly orig- 
inals.) Atom models. (Originals.) 

I. Testing apparatus for demonstration. (Demonstration of 
qualitative analysis; pulling handles causes mixture of 2 
solutions and precipitation, showing presence of iron. Also 
diagrammatic representation.) 


ELECTROCHEMISTRY 


A. Galvanig baths. (Specimens.) 

B. Galvanoplastics. (Specimens of galvanic art; series showing 

production stages.) 

C. Bust of Bunsen. 

D. Scientific apparatus. (Pieces of apparatus and models; de- 
composition of water by means of electricity can be demon- 
strated by the visitor’s turning a switch.) 

Electrie furnaces. (Specimens of important types.) 

Electrochemical metallurgy. (Apparatus and models of fur- 
naces. ) 

Kiliani furnace. 

. Production of calcium carbide. (Model of a furnace and 

an original anode carbon.) 


aS 


iO) 


HyprRAvULic ENGINEERING 


I. HypDROTECHNICAL OBSERVATION 


A. Measuring instruments. (Instruments and models.) 

B. Hydrographic maps. (Reproduction of an old map; 
other river maps; plastic representation of water 
speeds. ) 


II. REGULATION OF WATERCOURSES 


C. Flood catastrophes and damming of torrents. (Pic- 
tures and photographs showing damage from floods; 
drawings and models and a picture of control dams.) 

D. River control systems. (Drawings and models.) 


III. Dam Structures 


E. Development of fixed weirs and dams across valleys. 
( Pictures.) 

F. Movable weirs. (Drawings and models; pictures.) 

G. Earliest cylinder weir. (Model capable of operation.) 


APPENDIX 99 


IV. Entire Construction UNDERTAKINGS 
H. Regulation of the Vienna River. (Model.) 
I. Water constructions at Schweinfurt. (Model with ex- 
planatory drawings.) 
K. Site at the correction of the Lower Weser. (Model of 
machines and arrangements.) 


V. Construction MaAcHINES 
L. The development of dredgers. (Models and pictures.) 


INTERNAL NAVIGATION 


Development of river boats. (Models.) 

Towboats. (Pictures.) 

Towboat of Maréchal de Saxe, 1732. (Model.) 
Model of a Danube barge. (Model of normal type.) 
Model of a petroleum tanker. 

Cable and chain navigation. (Pictures and models.) 
Maps of German waterways. (Two maps.) 


3h OO p 


CANAL CONSTRUCTION 


I. Sure Locks 

A. Retaining lock of the Stecknitz Canal, 15th century. 
(Plans and pictures; also drawings and pictures of 
others. ) 

B. Chamber locks. (Model.) 

C. Conservation lock of the Dortmund-Ems Canal. 
(Model.) 

D. Model, capable of operation, of the Hotopp lock near 
Libeck. 


II. Sure Hotsts 
E. Development of inclined planes. Model of the inclined 
plane of the Elbing-Oberlandischer Kanal. (Pic- 
tures, models, drawings. ) 
F. Plans of vertical ship hoists. (Pictures, drawings, 
model capable of operation.) 


III. Canat Prans 
G. Plans and pictures of inland canals. (Pictures, plans, 
maps.) 
H. Sea canals: the Suez Canal. (Plan.) 
H. Sea canals: Kaiser Wilhelm Canal at Kiel. (Repre- 
sentation. ) 
H. Sea canals: Panama Canal. (Two maps; relief.) 


100 


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42 5 F ASRTOAACOD 


APPENDIX 


SHIPPING 


Models of sea marks. (Models; original lamp for gas 
buoys. ) | 

Siemens searchlight. 

Development of beacons. (Pictures, models, drawing.) 

The various beacons for a watercourse. (Model.) 

Building-slip plants.. (Models.) 

New dry dock of the Wilhelmshaven shipyard. (Model.) 

Old wooden floating dock. (Model.) 

Iron floating dock of Blohm & Voss. (Model.) 


MERCHANT SHIPS 


Rowboats and sailboats of primitive peoples. (Models and 
originals. ) 

Exotic ships. (Models of junks, etc.) 

Mixed rowing and sailing vessels. (Models.) 

Galley Bucentaur. (Reconstruction model.) 

Sail yachts. (Models.) 

Old sailing vessels. (Models.) 

More recent sailing vessels. (Models.) 

The earliest steamships. (Models.) 

More recent express steamships. (Models.) 

Sectional painting of the express steamship “Kaiser Wilhelm 
Ti 

Development of paddle wheels. (Drawings and models; 
demonstration arrangements.) 

Development of the propeller. (Models; 1 original pro- 
peller.) 

Special ships. (Half-model of a tanker; models of ice- 
breakers, fishing vessels, cable ships, ferryboats, etc.) 


WakrsHIPs 


Old warships, broadside battleships, frigates, and corvettes. 
(Pictures and models.) 

Small cruisers. (Models.) 

Armored cruisers. (Models.) 

Older battleships. (Models.) 

More recent battleships. (Models.) 

Sectional model of a battleship. (Details disclosed by sec- 
tional presentation. ) 

Modern huge battleship. (Model.) 

Development of sea mines and torpedoes. (Drawings.) 





Ptolemaic planetarium. 


Deutsches Museum. 





APPENDIX 101 


I. Sectioned torpedo missile and torpedo discharge tube with 
missile. (Originals.) 

Older and more recent types of torpedo boats. (Models and 

sectional drawing.) 

L. Old and new submarines. (Models and sectional model.) 

M. Periscope for submarines. (Original.) 

N. Gunboats, ocean-going gunboats, and coast armored vessels. 
(Models. ) 

O. Instruments for the determination of location and time. (In- 
= 

Q. 

R. 

S. 


struments. ) 
Instruments for measurement of depth and speed. (Instru- 


ments and models.) 

Mechanical and electrical command signals. (Instruments, 
partly capable of operation.) 

Charts relating to ships. (About naval strength.) 

Cycle of paintings. (Development of ship construction.) 


LIBRARY AND COLLECTION OF PLANS 


LIBRARY 
Contains particularly :— 
The most important original works of former times on 


natural science and technics; 

Modern scientific and technical literature, foreign and 
domestic; 

Domestic and foreign periodicals and society publications; 


Patents; 
Dictionaries, legal and economic works, etc. 


COLLECTION OF PLANS 
Contains :— 

Portraits of eminent scholars and technicians; 

Historically interesting hand sketches of scientists and tech- 
nicians; 

Original plans of old machines, plants, and instruments; 

Pictures disclosing development of science and technology; 

Plans of arrangement and execution of machines, instru- 
ments, structures, and entire plants; 

Diagrammatic drawings, etc., for explanation of machines 
and structures; 

A systematic collection of catalogues and prints; 

A collection of photographs and diapositives of the objects 
exhibited in the museum. 


Hat oF Honor: Busts, etc. 


APPENDIX 3 
DEUTSCHES MUSEUM—MUNICH 
STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT FOR OPERATION OF THE MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR 1913 


Receipts 
: : Actual Excess or 
Classification Budget Receiae Deficiency 
I. Ordinary Receipts Marks Marks Marks 
A. Annual subventions 
Subvention of the German Empire.| 50,000.— §0,000.-— || “ay ueeneae 
Subvention of the Kingdom of 
BAVArIOl Coe ne chine ee 50,000.— 50,000.— | ..... mS 
Subvention of the City of Munich} 15,000.— 15,000.——' 1 y 5 pestenes . 
Subvention of the District of Up- 
per: Bavaria. oe ee eee 6,000,— 6,000.— 2 ante ehateiers 
Subvention of the Senate of Ham- 
burg ..... sic nie PR ea ISAT stetras OR 5,000.— 5000-04 nen sees : 
Subvention of the City of Berlin 3 ,000.— 3,000.— | ......00- 
Subvention of the Verein . 
Deutscher Ingenieure ........ 5,000.— §,000.—— 12 Gee os , 
Subvention of the Zeppelin foun- 
dation . icc. Yee oe eee 5,000.— 5 ,000——) |. eee 
Subvention of the Union of Ba- 
warian Metal Manufacturers. . 3,000.— 3,000.— pati eek Sena 
Subvention of the Jubilee Founda- 
€ion of German Industry ..... 2,000.— 2000. "1s cate 
Subvention of the Central Union 
of German Manufacturers .... 1,000.— 1,000.— | ......20. 
Subvention of the Augsburg In- 
dustrial Society ............-. 1,000.— ¥,000.—. | oy. eae : 
Subvention of other authorities, 
corporations, etc. ..........+- 15 ,000.— 14,416.05 — 583.95 
161,000.— 160,416.05 — 583.95 
B. Membership dues ...... 60,000.— 63,043.71 + 3,043.71 
60,000.— | 63,043.71 | +3,043.71 
C. Admission fees and re- 
ceipts from _ printed 
matter, ClO. °. 2 2 ss ateins 50,000.— 49,155.40 — 844.60 
Period tickets o.40 20.00 een an ee 2,000.— 2,121.— + 121.— 
Student cards, lecture and guid- 
ance tickets: 2.4600 aes wees 3,000.— 4,884.90 +1,884.90 
Sale of guides, post cards, etc. ... 9,000.— 9,911.68 +911.68 
64,000.— 66,072.98 | + 2,072.98 
Total of ordinary receipts ..| 285,000.— | 289,532.74 + 4,532-74 


Il. Extraordinary Receipts 


A. Surpluses from preced- 

ini VOAFS hin: fiociaat 374,606.51 | 374,606.51 | J...ese5e 
B. Single contributions for 

museum objects or oth- 


er special purposes, etc.| 26,000— | 61,272.63 | + 35,272.63 
C. Interest from endowment 
fonda. Sea es 130,000.— | 176,009.74 | + 46,009.74 


Total of extraordinary receipts..| 530,606.51 | 611,888.88 | + 81,282.37 





102 


STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT FOR OPERATION OF THE MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR 1913 


Expenditures 
Classification Budget 
I. Ordinary expenditures Marks 
A. Personal expenditures 
Shares of salaries and wages, in 
so far as they were expended 
for operation of the Museum: 
For scientifically trained officials: 
engineers, physicists, mathema- 
cians, chemists ............. 36,000.— 
For librarians and assistants ....| 10,000.— 
For administrative officials, busi- 
ness employees, clerks ........ 18,000.— 
For painters, sculptors, draftsmen 7 ,000,— 
For mechanicians, furnace-men, 
lighting attendants ........... 9,000.— 
For office and library attendants, 
custodians, superintendent, night 
ne 82,000.— 
For cleaning and polishing serv- 
BOBS sue iss <.vace es tee 6,000.— 
168 ,000.— 
B. Material expenditures 
Maintenance of the buildings ... 5,000.— 
Maintenance and repair of the 
museum objects and equipment. 7,000.— 
Heating and lighting ........... 3 5,000.— 
NCO IIIB as wie enn esse ny 10,000.— 
Materials, implements, miscel- 
vip fe acis ofan cs can 6,000.— 
Postage, telegrams, telephone .. 3,000.— 
Traveling expenses ............ 3,000.— 
Expenditures for meetings of the 
Vorstandsrat and the Com- 
mittee, as well as for special 
RUS eis ek Sine ce a 4.5 sso, 5,000.— 
Public duties, taxes, tax stamps, 
Sara aie oy cio cvs 8 ke 5s 16,000.— 
Miscellaneous and_ unforeseen 
US a Se ee 8,000.— 
98,000.— 
C. Current supplementing 
of the collections 
Purchase of museum objects..... 10,000.— 
Production of models and pictures 
in the museum’s own shop .... 3,000.— 
Books, drawings, including book- 
LO UOT DY BAe Se ea 3,000.— 
Exhibition cases, shelves, operat- 
Ine €GUIPMENE 4... ..026+--0 90% 3,000.— 
19,000.— 
Total of ordinary expendi- 
SUPER reas cies sic eas ok ale 285,000.— 


Actual 


Expenditures 


Marks 


31,808.— 
9,306.— 


16,908.70 
7,000.— 


9,924.85 


78,230.65 


4,568.70 


157,746.90 


2,636.62 
4,122.17 


28,920.04. 
8,212.20 


5,931.37 
3,271.63 
2,307.61 


4,148.27 
12,113.89 


8,105.43 


79,769.23 


10,000.— 
3,000.— 
3,000.— 


3,000.— 


19,000.— 


256,516.13 


Excess or 


Deficiency 


Marks 


eoeereeeweeve 


— 3,769.35 


— 1,431.30 


— 10,253.10 


— 2,363.38 
— 2,877.83 
— 6,079.96 
— 1,787.80 


— 68.63 
+ 371.63 
— 692.39 


— 851.73 
— 3,886.11 


+ 105.43 


— 18,230.77 


eeeeeeeees 


— 28,483.87 








Classification 


II. Extraordinary expenditures 


A. Personal expenditures 
Shares of salaries and wages for 
the initial arrangement of the va- 
rious divisions of the Museum: 
For engineers, physicists, etc. ... 
For administrative officials, busi- 


ness employees, clerks ..... nee 
For painters, sculptors, drafts- 
men, painters of lettering ..... 


B. Subventions 
Transfer to the relief fund ... l 
Transfer to employees 


C. Material expenditures 
Structural arrangements in the 
Old National Museum and in 
the: Isarkaserne 7 funn neces 
Transportation of museum objects 
and pieces of equipment 
Rent of the Isarkaserne 


eeeeee 


eeereereee 


D. Movables and exhibition 
objects 

Shelves, exhibition cases ....... 

Purchase of museum objects and 

books 

Production of models and pictures 

in the Museum’s own shop .... 


eceeee eee ee ose eee ese ee eee 


E. Publications 


eeoeeveeveeee 


F. Expenses for administra- 
tion of the Traveling 
Foundation 


Total of extraordinary ex- 
penditures 


ceereeree eee eee eee 


Total of ordinary expendi- 
tures 
Total of extraordinary ex- 
penditures 


eecereeceoer eee eee ee wee eee 


one eeee eee ee ewe 


Grand total of expenditures. 
Carried forward to new ac- 
count 


Grand total of expenditures 
and accounts carried for- 
ward 


eeeeeeeereeoerese eee eee 


Budget 


Marks 


eovreeeeeve 


411,606.51 


815,606.51 


Actual 


Expenditures 


Marks 


3,142.24 


2455-70 


7,767.93 


13,365.87 


5,436.07 
1,755.26 


13,459.28 


20,660.61 


3,010.08 


24,416.— 


10,921.28 


38,347.36 
2,870.— 


2,870.— 


3,850.76 


3,850.76 


84,094.60 


256,516.13 


84,094.60 


340,610.73 


901,421.62 


Excess or 
Deficiency 


Marks 





— 6,857.76 . 

— 3,544.30 

— 2,232.07 
— 12,634.13 


— 4,563.93 


— 3,234.74 
— 540.72 


— 8,339.39 


— 10,989.92 
— 2,584.— 


— 3,078.72 
— 16,652.64 


+ 2,870.— 
+ 2,870.— 


— 149.24 
— 149.24 


— 34,905.40 


— 28,483.87 


— 34,905.40 
— 63,389.27 


560,810.89 |+ 149,204.38 


+ 85,815.11 





104 


APPENDIX 105 


STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT FOR THE NEW BUILDING OF THE MUSEUM FOR TH®, 





YEAR 1913 
Receipts 
: : Actual Excess or 
Classification Budget Receipts Deficiency 
Marks Mark Marks 
Balance carried over from the 
DGECEUING VERT 2... ..0. reas 2,030,246.43 | 2,030,24.6.43 
Building Councillors of the Ger- 
TRUE EOE low iosa's oes ea's'e's 350,000.— | 350,000.— 
Building Councillors of the King- 
ETERS eal coal as cna eue vl Beeusesiees 
Building Councillors of the City 
RCM ils is nig es fie hse o » 100,000.—| 100,000.—= 
Withdrawal from the endow- 
TOME eee ais ty vk al “see ne ecvne | 2 ¥a'e wv es ee 


Saving in consequence of presen- 
tation, or sale at a lower price, 
of building materials, the free- 
dom from freight and paving 
taxes being taken into account.. 99,753.57 91,103.11 | — 8,650.46 








Total Receipts ............- 2,580,000.— | 2,571,349-54|] — 8,650.46 


ce 


106 


APPENDIX 


STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT FOR THE NEW BUILDING OF THE MUSEUM FOR THE 


YEAR 1913 
Expenditures 
Classification Budget 
A. Construction Office Marks 


1. Salaries for director of con- 
struction, architects, engi- 
neers, draftsmen, and the 
like 

2. Wages for foremen, supervis- 

OFS, etC oc Veena 

Rent for construction office ... 

4. General expenses for heating, 
lighting, office supplies, post- 
age, as well as unforeseen 
items 


Ww 


eeoeeererece eee eee eee eee 


B. Equipment of the Site 
Construction planking, construc- 
tion sheds, storage sheds 
Track installation, roller paths, 
and means of transportation 
Construction engines, provi- 
sienal light and power plants 


C. Building Materials and 
Wages 
Earth-work, street construction, 
leveling Wide’, niece hs tena 
Foundation work 
Concrete and reinforced concrete 
WOLK 6 sy aenttotaan nts wihale Mater, 
Masonry \work ici wince. sae 
Stone-mason work .............. 
Asphalt work and insulating work 
Carpentry work 
Iron construction work ......... 
Roofers’ and tinsmiths’ work .... 
Miscellaneous finishing opera- 
tions, joiners’, locksmiths’, and 
glaziers’ work, €tC.005 (75.04. 


eeoeseeeeeee ee eee 


70,000.— 


10,000.— 
4,000.— 


10,000.— 
5,000.— 


99,000.— 


10,000.— 


10,000.— 


1 5,000.— 
3 5,000.— 


230,000.— 
50,000.— 
30,000.— 
20,000.— 
40,000.— 
40,000.— 

100,000.— 


100,000.— 


660,c00— 


Actual 


Expenditures 


Marks 


59:372.11 


9,012.05 
4,000.— 


6,935-44 


15,837.17 


95,156.77 


eecesceevecve 


4,767.37 
28,690.69 
145,177-50 


586.31 


3 52,254-54 


Excess or 


Deficiency 


Marks 


— 10,627.89 


— 3,064.56 


+ 10,837.17 


— 3,843.23 


— 9,634.62 


— 9,634.62 


— 15,000.— 
— 34,521.87 


— 57:445-46 
—50,000.— 
— 30,000.— 
— 20,000.— 
— 35,232.63 
— 11,309.31 
+ 45,177-50 


— 99,413.69 
— 307,745.46 





APPENDIX 107 


Classification 
D. Installations and Ma- 
chine Plants 
Water piping and sewer pipes... 
Heating ventilation ............ 
Operating equipment for gas, 
compressed air, air suction, etc. 
Rilormmating BiRNt 2... cece sas 
PBI IUDIB dea c es cessercse 


E. Internal Equipment .... 


F. General Expenses, Mis- 
cellaneous and Unfore- 
seen Items 

General expenses .............. 
ON ee 2 


Total expenditures ......... 
Carried forward to new ac- 
SNE ctae dds win'dit's 4a 4a 


Total of expenditures and 
amount carried forward .. 


Actual Excess or 
Budget Expenditures} Deficiency 
Marks Marks Marks 
SOC tl ka aoe soe a le — 50,000.— 
80,000.— |  .......6.. — 80,000.— 
SCOD00 eT ocias nasad — 60,000.— 
§O,000— 1s. cas actens — 50,000.— 
BGOOGHe 1s ne ve ees — 80,000.— 
320,000.— |] ......005. — 320,000.— 


60,000.— 1,289.23 | — 58,710.77 


1,289.23 | — 58,710.77 


60,000.— 
2,655.52 
5 1,000.— 4,580.05 | — 43,764.43 
5 1,000.— 7:235-57 | — 43,764.43 
1,200,000.— | 456,301.49 |— 743,698.51 


1,380,000.— | 2,115,048.05 |— 735,048.05 


2,580,000.— | 2,571,349-54| — 8,650.46 





108 APPENDIX 


BUDGET FOR THE NEW BUILDING OF THE MUSEUM FOR THE YEARS 1914 AND 


1915 
Receipts 
rate 1914 
Classification RO aed New 1915 
Proposal 
eee 
Marks Marks Marks 


Balance carried over from the 

preceding year sss ecsaee oee 1,380,000.— | 2,115,048.05 | 1,550,000.— 
Building Councillors of the Ger- 

-man Empire—the 2,000,000 

marks originally granted have 

already been paid out ........1 --<0- ss s0> 4 aise pieene ata ge 
Building Councillors of the King- 

dom of Bavaria—the 2,000,000 

marks originally granted have 


already been paid out ,.......[ ¢.5..-005s | ss cumiewigleinn) aes 
Building Councillors of the City 

of Munich 32:0 Olek Sees 100,000.— IOO,000.— | ...... eee 
Withdrawal from the endow- 

ments paid IM... ccc eee cee ens] eee nas cece |) selenite cnn rns 4 


Saving in consequence of presen- 
tation, or sale at a lower price, 
of building materials, the free- 
dom from freight and paving 
taxes being taken into account.| 120,000.— 34,951.95 50,000.— 


1,600,000.— | 2,250,000.— | 1,600,000.— 





APPENDIX 109 


BUDGET FOR THE NEW BUILDING OF THE MUSEUM FOR THE YEARS 1914 AND 








1915 
Expenditures 
1914 
Classification A ec d New 1915 
Lie ae Proposal 
A. Construction Office Marks Marks Marks 

1. Salaries for director of con- 
struction, architects, engi- 
neers, draftsmen, and the 

I a ABN. wie anes 70,000.— 70,000.— g0,000.— 
2. Wages for foreman, super- 

AMR ROHS, ck se <n vo 10,000.— 10,000.— 15,000.— 

3. Rent for construction office.. 4,000.— 4,000.— 4,000.— 
4. General expenses for heating, 
lighting, office supplies, and 

unforeseen items ......... 1Q,000.— 10,000.— 10,000.— 

5- Models, pictures, and the like 5,000.— 5,000.— 20,000.— 

99,000.— 99,000.— | 139,000.— 

B. Equipment of the Site 

Construction planking, construc- 

tion sheds, storage sheds, track 

installation, roller paths, and 

means of transportation, con- 

struction engines, provisional 

light and power plants ....... 10,000.— 10,000.— 10,000.— 

10,000.— 10,000.— 10,000.— 
C. Building Materials and 
Wages 
Earth-work, street construction, 

SU oy v's 6 xine xin awe s 30,000.— 20,000.— 25,000.— 
Pounagation Work .......0se0ses. 70,000.— 3 5,000.— 70,000.— 
Concrete and reinforced concrete 

ls 2 AS een 200,000.— | 100,000.— | 150,000.— 
URE ES Dh ar 50,000.— 30,000.— 60,000.— 
Stone-mason work ............. 25,000.— 25,000.— 30,000.— 
Asphalt work and_ insulating 

EL 5 ER eae 25,000.— 15,000.— 30,000.— 
EMPEMIT GY WWOLK oc. nee s a cenesss 25,000.— 25,000.— 3 5,000.— 
Iron construction work ......... 45,000.— 3 5,000.— 3 5,000.— 
Roofers’ and tinsmiths’ work ...| 20,000.— 20,000.— 20,000.— 
Miscellaneous finishing opera- 

tions, joiners’, locksmiths’, and 

glaziers’ work, etc. ..........- 150,000.— | 100,000.— | 150,000.— 

640,000.— | 405,000.— | 605,000.— 





110 


APPENDIX 





Classification 


D. Installations and Ma- 
chine Plants 
Water piping and sewer pipes.. 
Heating and ventilation 


eocereeeres 


Operating equipment. for gas, 
compressed air, air suction, etc. 

Illuminating plant ......... Sparse 

Machine plants ........ a eee 


E. Internal Equipment 
Movable objects ........... 


F. Moving Expenses 


G. General Expenses, Mis- 
cellaneous and Unfore- 
seen Items 

General expenses .............. 
Inheritance tax . 


Total expenditures ......... 
Carried forward to new ac- 
CoUntS cea ee ee 


Total of expenditures and 
amount carried forward .. 


1914. 


Authorized. 


Marks 


30,000.— 
20,000.— 


40,000.— 
50,000.— 
60,000.— 


200,000.— 


200,000.— 


200,000.— 


51,000.— 


51,000.— 


1,200,000.— 


400,000.— 


1,600,000.— 


1914. 
New 
Proposal 


Marks 


20,000.— 
10,000.— 


20,000.— 
10,000.— 
20,000.— 
80,000.— 
50,000.— 


50,000.—— 


56,000.— 


56,000.— 


700,000.— 


1,550,000.— 


2,2 50,000.— 


§6,000.— 





56,000.— 
1,450,000.— 


150,000.— 





1,600,000.—= 











Model of pressed glass factory. 


Technical Museum, Vienna. 


APPENDIX 4 


TECHNICAL MUSEUM—VIENNA 


Organization of the museum collections proposed by 
the Advisory Committee (Kollegium) June 1914 


Group I: Som CULTURE 


1. Agricultural implements and machines. 

2. Forestry engineering, damming of torrents, and treatment of 
wood. 

Technology of cultivation. 

4. Statistics. 


r 


Group II: MINING AND METALLURGY 


1. Technology of mining. 
2. Iron and metal smelting. 
3. Salt works and mineral oil industry. 


Group III: Iron AND METAL INDUSTRY 


Iron and metal casting. 

Machine tools. 

Forging, pressing, and rolling-mill machines. 

Sheet iron industry, forging, and locksmithing. 

Expedients for the production of iron constructions and for 
the working of tin. 

6. Stamping (coining) technology and working of precious 

metals. 
7. Arms technology. 


ee eee 


Group IV: MAcHINE CONSTRUCTION 


1. Steam and power-gas generators, water and wind motors. 

2. Pumps, compressors, and blowers, refrigerating machines. 

3. Hoisting machines and transportation plants, transmissions. 
III 


112 APPENDIX 


Group V. ELECTROTECHNICS 


1. Sources of current, action and measurement of electric current 
(dynamos as such; primary, secondary, and thermo cells). 

2. Generation and distribution of current (complete construction 
of electric central stations). 

3. Electric illumination and heating (electricity in housekeeping). 

4. Forms of motor drive. 

5. High frequency currents. 


Group VI: CoMMUNICATION 


1. Postal, telegraph, and telephone systems. 
2. Railroading. 

3. Shipping. 

4. Automobile transportation and aviation. 


Group VII: FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCES OF TECHNOLOGY 


Group VIII: CHEMIcAL INDUSTRY 


I. Industry of inorganic chemistry, and 
2. Industry of organic chemistry. 


Group IX: Foop AND TABLE-LUxURIES INDUSTRY 


Sugar industry. 

Manufacture of starch, alcohol, and compressed yeast. 
Malting and brewing.: 

Preparation of wine, and wine storage. 

Milling and baking. 

Tobacco industry. 


a gabe n ats SOR pate 


Group X: GrapHic INDUSTRY 


1. Technology of drawings and of printing; writing and book- 
production. 

Type casting, and typesetting machines. 

Printing processes. 

Photography and cinematography. 

Photomechanical processes. 

Cartography, photogrammetry, and aerophotography. 

. Bookbinding and binding in boards. 

SUB-GROUP XA: ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF TECHNICAL 
ENTERPRISES. 


FAY RYD 


Group XI: Fiser INDUSTRIES 
Braiding. 

Textile industry. 
Leather industry. 

Paper industry. 


ey baat 





Styrian refinery. 


-Technical Museum, Vienna. 


APPENDIX hee He 


Group XII: CLoTHING INDUSTRY 


I. 


2. 


Production of men’s and women’s clothing, fur industry, pro- 


duction of underwear and corsets. 


Production of hats, shoes, gloves, umbrellas and parasols, arti- 


ficial flowers, and ornamental feathers. 


Group XIII: Inpustry BAsEp on Rocks AND EARTHS 


I. 
a 
3. 
4. 


Procuring of raw materials and earths. 
Mortar materials and artificial stone. 
Ceramics. 

Glass industry. 


Group XIV: BuILDING 


2 
2 
3. 
4. 


Building construction. 

Foundations, road construction, and bridge construction. 
Hydraulics engineering, water supply, and sewer construction. 
City planning and settlement methods. 


Group XV: HEALTH ‘TECHNOLOGY 


5. 


Hygiene of building and settlement. 

Heating and ventilation, hygiene of natural and artificial 
illumination. 

Water; sewage; vitiation of the air by gases, smoke, and dust; 
street dust; solid waste materials. 

Technical expedients for the care of the body and care of 
children, for care of the sick, and for treatment of corpses. 

Health resorts and mineral spring baths. 


Group XVI: PROTECTION OF WoRKERS 


I. 


Protective devices in connection with the operating equipment 
generally employed in trade and industry. 

Protective devices in connection with the special operating 
equipment of 13 different industry groups. 

Industrial hygiene. 

Protection of workers in mining operations. 

Protection of workers in inland shipping. 


Group XVII: Fire-ExTINGUISHING AND LIFE-SAVING 


I. 
2. 


Nur pw 


Historic fire-extinguishing methods. 
Modern fire-extinguishing technology. 
Fire prevention and fire-alarm systems. 
Life-saving aside from cases of fire. 
Organization and statistics. 
International library on this subject. 


APPENDIX 5 


TECHNICAL MUSEUM—VIENNA 
STATUTES 


Rules made by the Federal Ministry for Trade, Industry, and 
Building (later known as the Ministry for Trade and Commerce.) 
Decree of December 30, 1921. 


PuRPOSE AND ARRANGEMENT OF TECHNICAL MusEUM 


I. Museum is to represent the development of industry, to pro- 
mote technical progress, and to be a place of education for the 
entire people. ‘This purpose is served by the following arrange- 
ment: 


1. The exhibit collections of the museum. 

2. A technical library and archives, together with a collection 
of photographs and films. 

Conducted tours and lectures. 

Scientific papers and publications of a technical kind. 

Technical department exhibits. 

Other measures and arrangements which are calculated to 
serve the purposes of the museum. 


blend as Pan tg 


ORGANIZATION OF THE MusEUM 


II. The Technical Museum is a Federal institution and is 
under the Federal Ministry for Trade, Industry and Building. 


III. The museum management consists of: 


1. The Kuratorium. 
2. The Board of Directors. 
3. The director of the museum. 


KURATORIUM 


IV. The Kuratorium consists of the president and at most thirty 
members which are named by the Federal Ministry for Trade, 
Industry and Building. Five of these members each are named by 
the Federal Ministry for Trade, Industry and Building on the 
nomination of the municipality of Vienna and of the Society for 
the Promotion of the Technical Museum in Vienna. 

114 


«SHIUL) SNGIITA,, 2Y} JO [BPO “BuUaTA “WNasnyY [eorUYd,, 








| 
| 


APPENDIX 115 


V. The members of the Kuratorium have the title “Kurator” of 
the Technical Museum in Vienna. Their period of service is three 
years. It a Kurator drops out during his term, the Federal Minis- 
try for Trade, Industry and Building names some other person as 
a member of the Kuratorium for the rest of the term. 

If the member of the Kuratorium was nominated by the munici- 
pality of Vienna or by the Society for the Furtherance of the 
Technical Museum, then the designation is effected on nomination 
of the municipality or society as appropriate. 


VI. At the head of the Kuratorium there is a president named 
by the Federal president. 

As substitutes for the president there act three vice-presidents who 
are named by the Federal Ministry for Trade, Industry and Build- 
ing from among the members of the Kuratorium. One of the vice- 
presidents is to be appointed from each of the groups of those Kura- 
tors who have been nominated by the municipality of Vienna and 
by the Society for the Furtherance of the Technical Museum. 

The term of the president and of the vice-presidents is deter- 
mined by the term of the Kurators. 


VII. The sphere of operation of the Kuratorium includes: 


1. The rendering of opinions to the Federal Ministry for Trade, 
Industry and Building regarding the organization of the 
Technical Museum and regarding its arrangement. 

2. The preparation of the draft of a business system that is to 
be issued by the Federal Ministry for Trade, Industry and 
Building for the Kuratorium and the Board of Directors. 

3. The approval of the annual financial estimate of the museum 
and its submission to the Federal Ministry for Trade, In- 
dustry and Building. 

4. The submitting of proposals regarding the appointment of 
members of the Board of Directors and regarding the ap- 
pointment of the director of the museum to the Federal | 
Ministry for Trade, Industry and Building. 

5. The rendering of opinions regarding matters which are re- 
ferred to the Kuratorium in individual cases for expression 
of opinion by the Federal Ministry for Trade, Industry 
and Building. 

6. The designation of persons who have performed meritorious 
services for the Technical Museum by appointing them 
corresponding members of the museum; the resolutions in 
question require for their validity the confirmation of the 
Federal Ministry for Trade, Industry and Building. 


116 APPENDIX 


VIII. The Kuratorium is summoned by the president according 
to requirements, but at least once a year. ‘The president or one of 
the vice-presidents is in the chair. The Kuratorium has a quorum 
if at least ten members are present including the chairman. In 
case of a tie, the vote of the chairman is decisive. 


Boarp oF DIREcToRS 


IX. The Board of Directors consists of the president, the three 
vice-presidents and five members, who are appointed by the Federal 
Ministry for Trade, Industry and Building from the Kuratorium 
on its nomination. Apart from the vice-presidents one member of 
the Board of Directors must in each case be appointed from the 
number of those Kurators who have been nominated by the munici- 
pality of Vienna and by the Society for the Furtherance of the 
Technical Museum. 


X. The term of office of the members of the Board of Directors 
is three years. 

If one of the members of the Board of Directors appointed by the 
Federal Ministry for Trade, Industry and Building drops out 
during his term of office, the Federal Ministry for Trade, Industry 
and Building appoints another Kurator as a member of the Board 
of Directors, on the nomination of the Kuratorium, for the re- 
mainder of the term of office. If the member that drops out was 
nominated by the municipality of Vienna, or by the Society for the 
Furtherance of the Technical Museum for Industry in Vienna, the 
new member of the Board of Directors must also be appointed 
from the number of those Kurators that have been nominated by 
municipality of Vienna or by the Society. 


XI. The president of the Kuratorium presides over the Board 
of Directors. 

The Board of Directors elects one of the vice-presidents by ab- 
solute plurality as permanent substitute for the president, to take 
his place in case he is disqualified. 


XII. The sphere of operation of the Board of Directors com-! 
prises: 


1, The making of proposals to the Kuratorium regarding the 
operation of the Technical Museum and regarding its 
arrangement. 

2. The making of other proposals and expressions of opinion 
to the Kuratorium in matters which fall within the sphere 


‘snjeiedde surjysi, jo yusuidojaaAaq ‘euuarlA ‘UInasnyy [eoTUYyIaT, 


— 





APPENDIX 117 


of activity of the Kuratorium, particularly the proposals 
to the Kuratorium regarding the annual financial estimate 
of the Technical Museum. 

3. The confirmation of the technical advisors of the Technical 
Museum in Vienna designated by the Society for the Fur- 
therance of the Technical Museum. 

4. The making of reports and proposals to the Federal Minis- 
try for Trade, Industry and Building in regard to museum 
matters in so far as they are not reserved to the Kura- 
torium, especially the making of proposals in matters of 
the staff of the museum. 

5. The conduct of the business of the museum in respect to ad- 
ministration and finance under the supervision of the Federal 
Ministry for Trade, Industry and Building. 

6. Supervision of the business administration of the director. 

7. The representation of the museum to the outside world. 


XIII. The Board of Directors is summoned by the president or 
his permanent substitute according to requirements. It has 
a quorum if at least five members are present inclusive of 
the president. In case of a tie, the vote of the chairman is 
decisive. 


XIV. The office of Kurator and of the members of the Board of 


Directors is honorary. 
DIRECTOR 


XV. The Federal Ministry for Trade, Industry and Building 
appoints an expert of technical interests as director of the museum 
on the nomination of the Kuratorium. 

The director is given by the Federal Ministry for Trade, Indus- 
try and Building on nomination of the Board of Directors the suitably 
qualified staff required for the museum service, which staff is under 
his direction. 

In case of disqualification the director is represented by a technically 
suitable official of the museum who is appointed by the Board 
of Directors. 


XVI. The director has charge of the immediate management of 
the museum. He attends to the current tasks of administration and 
directs the entire operation of the museum under the supervision 
of the Board of Directors. 

The director takes part in the sessions of the Kuratorium and 
of the Board of Directors in a supervisory capacity. 

















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